国际法的输入与晚清驻外使节制度近代化
本文关键词：国际法的输入与晚清驻外使节制度近代化，由笔耕文化传播整理发布。
国际法的输入与晚清驻外使节制度近代化
国际法的输入与晚清驻外使节制度近代化
国际法是近代西方资本主义发展的产物,它是主权国家之间以及其他具有国际人格的实体之间法律规则、准则、原则的总体。1648年《威斯特伐利亚和约》,使欧洲国家之间始于十五世纪初期、源于意大利的常设使馆的习惯得以确立。1815年维也纳公会编纂了外交使节等级和位次的法典,使派遣驻外使节成为主权国家外交普遍实例。在数次和平地要求打开中国大门、中西方建立近代外交互派使节制度被拒绝后,西方列强凭借国际法用强力楔入了中国。而直到1861年,由于清王朝顽固地坚持传统天下意识,中国对国际法外交原则的基本态度还是排斥的。历经两次鸦片战争的惨痛,清朝开明官员逐步认识到传统外交方式滞后的严重性,开始由被动的本能反应走向积极的自强运动。他们以一种明智的态度体察世界性的现代化潮流、寻求务实的外交政策和大规模引进西学,国际法的输入因之成为其中重要的内容。在接受国际法关于国家主权平等与近代外交原则等理论后,清廷最终向西方派遣常驻使节。在近代中外关系史上,晚清驻外使节制度的建立意 义重大,它标志着中国外交的近代化步伐又迈出了实质性的一步。然而,早期驻外使节制度在公使及随员的遴选、官职、任期及编制等各方面极不完善。首次出使并常驻外国,对于只具备极少国际法知识的驻外使臣来说是如履薄冰之行,他们在无成例可仿的情况下,依照国际法外交使领原则,将使馆制度逐步健全起来。尽管驻外使节对国际法的认识存在很大的局限,但他们依然运用国际法知识最大限度地维护了国家利权,使近代中国的外交稍有作为。驻外使节大多数是传统知识分子,作为较早走向世界的一个群体,在与西方社会的接触中,他们紧跟时代步伐,对国际法的理解由单一上升至全面,由感性上升至理性,呈现出较高的整体知识水平,为晚清中国向近代转型增添了新的重要因素。本文详细浅析浅析了晚清驻外使节制度依照国际法外交原则建立、发展和完善的过程,通过剖析国人对国际法外交准则理解的心路历程,力图从中探求晚清早期现代化和近代中国外交走向世界的规律。
【Abstract】 International law is the production of modern western capitalism development, it is the entity of statutory rules, criterion and principle which having international personality as well as other between sovereign states. In 1648, The Peace Treaty of Westphalia made the permanent embassy’s to be accustomed to managing to establish, in Europe it started from early the fifteen century, originated from Italy. Vienna Convention compiled the code that can have compiled the diplomatic envoy grade and seating arrangement in 1815, the messenger is dispatched being sent to work abroad the envoy becomes the common sovereign state diplomacy example. Diplomacy sends an envoy in exchange in requiring that the west builds modern times in opening the Chinese entrance door several time peacefully, after system is declined, west big powers relies on international law using brute force wedge to have become a member of China. Until but insisting on tradition land under heaven mental consciousness in 1861, since Qing Dynasty is obstinate, China still discriminates against fundamental international law diplomacy principle attitude.Painful getting through two times of Opium War, the enlightened official of Qing dynasty knew the ponderance that way lags behind to tradition diplomacy step by step, moved to the self-improvement actively from passive instinct reaction. They experienced and observed the world modernized tidal current with one kind of sagacious attitude, the entering exploring the foreign policy dealing with concrete matters relating to work and introducing the Western learning, international law in large scale became important content among them because of that. After accepting theory such as relative state sovereignty of international law equality and diplomacy principle the modern times, the Qing government dispatched the permanent envoy ultimately to the west. On the modern Sino-foreign relation history, building-up of the late Qing Dynasty diplomatic envoy system is significant. It marked the pace of China’s modernization has taken a substantial step.While, the early diplomatic envoy system was imperfect in the selection of envoys, accompanying personnel, official rank, tenure and personnel organization such areas. That the first be sent on a diplomatic mission and permanent foreign country, be sent to work abroad having extremely little international law knowledge to inspect with the envoy was row of to be very careful. The envoy under the situation of there being no precedent to imitate , they draw principle according to the international law to make the diplomatic envoy system perfect step by step. The envoy had very big limitation in the cognition to international law, but they applied the international law knowledge in high limit field to defend Chinese rights, made modern Chinese diplomacy had a little of action. The envoy in majority are tradition intellectuals, as a group going globe wide comparatively early, in touching with west society, they kept abrest of times step, the congnition of international law rose extremely all-round from single, reason perceptual rise extremely reason, displayed higher overall know-how, thus made the late Qing Dynasty China transform to the modern times having added the new key factor.The artile analyse detailedly the late Qing Dynasty diplomatic envoy system how to be built, developed and to be perfect according to international law diplomacy principle, through the process of understanding the diplomatic norms by analysing fellow countrymen to international law to seek the rule that late Qing Dynasty early modernized and Chinese diplomacy stepped to the world.
【关键词】 国际法； 晚清驻外使节制度； 近代化；【Key words】 international law； input； the Late Qing Dynasty diplomatic envoy system； modernization；
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本文关键词：国际法的输入与晚清驻外使节制度近代化，由笔耕文化传播整理发布。
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