海上保险法中的近因原则研究

发布时间：2018-05-01 09:06

本文选题：近因 + 近因原则　；参考：《大连海事大学》2016年博士论文

【摘要】：近因原则是英国海上保险法的基本原则之一。在发生海上保险事故时,近因原则是判断保险人是否承担赔偿责任的依据,倘若海上保险事故是由作为近因的承保风险所引起的,保险人固然应承担保险赔偿责任；否则,便无责任可言。由此可见,近因原则是缓和保险人与被保险人之间利益冲突的调解器。近因原则不是孤立存在的,该项原则在适用的过程中,经常与“保险利益原则”、“最大诚信原则”以及“损失补偿原则”联系或者交叉在一起。因此,有必要对近因原则进行全面和深入的研究以指导司法实践活动。本文以法学理论为指导,阐述了近因原则的概念和内涵,以及近因原则的起源和背景,具体分析了近因和近因原则的区别,以及近因原则在保险实务中的重要意义。指出了英美法系和大陆法系国家的保险立法在确定近因问题上的本质差别。提出我国保险法中虽无近因原则,但存在“近因”理念,然而作为原则必须被遵守,而理念则有赖于人们的自觉,指出我国的《保险法》和海上保险法中有必要借鉴英国的保险立法,将近因原则确定在法律当中。运用法哲学和法经济学的理论,对与近因相关的概念进行了深层次的解读,就大陆法系和英美法系对保险中认定因果关系的理论和规则进行了全方位的研究,文中分析了近因原则与因果联系原则的区别,通过将近因原则与侵权法领域中的因果联系进行比对,分析了近因原则与侵权法因果联系的异同；再将合同法领域的因果联系与近因原则做对比分析,进一步明确近因原则的内涵。本文从法经济学角度对近因原则存在的合理性进行了分析,运用科斯定理分析了近因原则满足了法律对效率的追求,同时亦符合卡尔多-希克斯效率的最优状态,分析了美国法官提出的汉德公式下近因原则合理性,进一步明确在立法中确立近因原则的必要性。提出对保险法研究领域中的相关学说应该综合借鉴的观点。结合保险和司法实践,对保险法研究领域流行的“时间标准说”、“效力标准说”和“常识标准说”进行了比较、分析和论证,指出三种学说的利弊,提出在司法实践中应该对三种学说兼容并蓄,综合运用的主张。针对近因原则全有或者全无的判断结果,提出借鉴近因责任分配新学说的观点,分析了原因力说、比例因果关系说和挪威分摊规则的新模式和利弊分析。为近因原则的适用提供理论参考。文中对近因的各种类型进行了逐一梳理,在搜集和总结大量案例的基础上,对因各种原因致损的保险案例进行分门别类的研究和对比,并构建起一个相对完整的确定近因的理论框架。(1)针对单一原因致损的情况,重点分析了在一因多果的情况下确定近因的规则。(2)对多重原因致损的情况,运用不同的方法确定近因。针对多重原因相继作用的情况,区分“简单原因链”和“复杂原因链”：针对多种原因并列致损的情况,创设了“网状”关系图”、“伞状”关系图和“鱼骨”图分析法。由于海上风险的千变万化,导致保险标的物损失的原因错综复杂,文中在搜集和总结大量案例的基础上,对海上保险中适用近因原则进行实证研究。文中运用我国法律中彰显的与近因原则类似的近因理念,区分船舶保险、货物运输保险和船舶营运保险三种类型,并进行实证研究,指出在各种复杂的情况下认定近因的方法。作为对全文的总结,本文第六章有针对性地提出完善立法、改进司法的构想与建议。分析了我国立法中由于近因原则的缺失产生的消极影响,有针对性地提出将理念转变成原则的建议,以及在现行的制度框架内改进司法的构想。明确指出在我国的保险立法中应当确立近因原则,并通过司法解释,辅以指导性案例阐述具体的近因识别规则,以便统一对近因原则的认识和裁判尺度,增强法律原则的可操作性。
[Abstract]:The principle of proximate cause is one of the basic principles of the British Maritime Insurance Law. In the event of marine insurance, the principle of proximate cause is the basis for judging whether the insurer is responsible for the liability. If the marine insurance accident is caused by the risk of underwriting as a proximate cause, the insurer should bear the liability for insurance compensation; otherwise, there is no responsibility to say it. Therefore, the principle of proximate cause is a mediator to mitigate the conflict of interests between the insurer and the insured. The principle of proximate cause is not isolated in isolation. In the process of application, the principle is often linked or intersecting with "the principle of insurance interest", "the principle of maximum honesty" and "the principle of loss compensation". On the basis of the theory of law, this paper expounds the concept and connotation of the principle of near cause, as well as the origin and background of the principle of proximate cause, analyzes the difference between the near cause and the principle of proximate cause, and the significance of the principle of near cause in the insurance practice. The insurance legislation in the legal system states the essential difference in determining the near cause. Although there is no principle of proximate cause in the insurance law of China, there is a "close cause" concept. However, it must be observed as a principle, while the idea depends on the consciousness of the people. It is pointed out that the insurance law of China and the maritime insurance law are necessary for reference to the British insurance legislation. According to the principle, the theory and the theory of law and economics are applied to the deep interpretation of the concept related to the proximate cause, and the theories and rules of the causal relationship between the continental law system and the Anglo American law system have been studied in all directions. The difference between the principle of proximate cause and the principle of causality is analyzed in this paper. The principle of proximate cause and the causal link in the field of tort law are compared, and the similarities and differences between the principle of proximate cause and the causation of the tort law are analyzed, and the causality relation of the field of contract and the principle of proximate cause are compared and analyzed, and the connotation of the principle of proximate cause is further clarified. Using the Coase theorem, the principle of proximate cause satisfies the pursuit of efficiency by law. At the same time, it also conforms to the optimal state of Kaldor Hicks efficiency. It analyses the rationality of the principle of proximate cause under the Han German formula proposed by the American judge, and further clarified the necessity of establishing the principle of proximate cause in the legislation. Combining the insurance and judicial practice, it compares the "standard of time", "standard of validity" and "common sense standard" in the research field of insurance law, analyzes and demonstrates the advantages and disadvantages of the three theories, and puts forward the proposition that the three doctrines should be concurrently and comprehensively used in the judicial practice. In view of the result of all or none of the principle of proximate cause, this paper puts forward the view of the new theory of the distribution of the proximate cause, analyzes the new model and the advantages and disadvantages of the causation theory, the proportional causation and the Norway apportionment rules, and provides the theoretical reference for the application of the principle of proximate cause. On the basis of a large number of cases, the study and comparison of insurance cases caused by various reasons are studied and contrasted, and a relatively complete theoretical framework for determining the proximate cause is constructed. (1) in view of the damage caused by a single cause, the rules of determining the proximate cause in a multi fruit situation are emphatically analyzed. (2) the damage to multiple causes is damaged. According to the situation of the multiple causes, the "simple cause chain" and "complex cause chain" are distinguished by different methods. On the basis of collecting and summarizing a large number of cases, the paper makes an empirical study on the application of near cause in marine insurance on the basis of collecting and summarizing a large number of cases. In this paper, three types of marine insurance, cargo transportation insurance and ship operating insurance are distinguished by using the close cause concept similar to the near cause principle in China's law. The sixth chapter, as a summary of the full text, puts forward the conception and suggestion of perfecting the legislation and improving the judicature. It analyzes the negative influence caused by the lack of the principle of proximate cause in the legislation of our country, and proposes to transform the idea into the principle. The proposal, and the idea of improving the judicature in the current institutional framework, clearly points out that the principle of proximate cause should be established in the insurance legislation of our country, and the specific rules of near cause recognition should be expounded through judicial interpretation, with a guiding case, so as to unify the understanding of the principle of proximate cause and the scale of disarmament, and to enhance the operability of the legal principles.

【学位授予单位】：大连海事大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：D922.284;D922.294

【参考文献】