中国环境侵权制度问题研究

发布时间：2018-02-26 01:13

本文关键词： 环境侵权公民环境权惩罚性赔偿精神损害赔偿因果关系　出处：《广东外语外贸大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：不断发展更新的科学技术推动了现代工业的高速发展,伴随其来还有大量的环境污染,致使环境侵权行为时有发生。环境侵权是人类社会工业发展过程中无法回避的话题,所以应该正视环境问题。环境侵权属于民事侵权的范畴,但是与一般侵权行为相比又具有特殊性。在我国当前的环境问题中,司法实务界和法律法规中暂未规定环境侵权的相应概念和具体界定,环境侵权只是个法学理论界的称呼。当公民环境权益收到侵害时,在法律未规定环境侵权的情形下难以及时有效地保护公民的合法权益,例如污染企业通过排污行为间接地侵害了公民的财产权益,再或者通过施放有害噪音、光源等侵扰公民的人身、财产权益等情形。环境污染行为可能引发环境侵权和生态破坏,本文重点研究前者,且暂不讨论生态破坏。本文以提出问题、分析以及解决问题的顺序为逻辑结构,重点研析了公民环境权缺失问题的分析、原因和后果、环境侵权救济方式的完善变更、因果关系证明责任分配问题等环境侵权制度中的核心问题。当前我国采用以《民法通则》、《环境保护法》和《侵权责任法》基本法为主,单行法为辅的混合型立法体制,其中的责任方式不能完全满足司法实践中环境类侵权案件的需求。损害赔偿制度中缺失惩罚性赔偿制度、精神损害赔偿制度,更使得受害人的损失难以得到完全弥补,也无法使侵权法的社会救济功能得以实现。国外的环境侵权民事救济制度已经发展的较为成熟,尤其是归责原则、救济方式、因果关系、非诉解决机制、等方面。第一,公民环境权的法律缺位,主要是也是我国的公民环境权理论研究水平有待进一步提高,人权理论不是特别完善、经济发展是第一要务等多个因素造成的,公民环境权的缺失也会造成环境权益受损后无法及时通过民事司法途径救济,这从根本上又损害了现代公民对良好人文居住环境的追求和国家整体上的生态环境。第二,行为人的加害行为与公民的危害结果之间的因果关系证明责任的再分配问题在当前的理论和司法实务界也是重点和难点问题。笔者从国外理论的角度,结合国内的现状,构想和分析了两步走的证明责任分配过程。具言之,首先受害者承担初步的证明责任,只需要原告提出基础的经验事实依据,且能够依据正常理性人的生活经验事实、常识、正常推理等综合判断可以得出具有因果关系的,即可达到盖然性的证明标准了,就完成了初步的证明责任任务。其次被告行为企业在原告受害者完成了初步的证明责任任务后,剩余的证明责任由被告方承担,由法官综合判断是否达到了盖然性的证明标准,否则被告承担证明不能的诉讼后果。第三,笔者对环境侵权的民事救济制度中的其他补充性和配套辅助性的制度问题做出了一定的分析和建议意见,例如环境责任保险制度、非诉纠纷解决机制、环境信息公开制度等,这些都对环境侵权案件的解决处理有着辅助性和支持性的帮助。
[Abstract]:Continuous development and renewal of the science and technology to promote the rapid development of modern industry, with its to still have a lot of environmental pollution, resulting in environmental violations have occurred. The environmental tort is an inevitable process of development of human society in industry topics, so should face the environmental problems. Environmental tort belongs to the category of civil tort, but compared with the general tort the behavior also has the particularity. In the current environmental problems in our country, yet the judicial practice and legal regulations in the corresponding provisions of the concept of environmental tort and the specific definition of environmental tort is a legal theory called. When the environmental rights and interests of citizens from infringement, in the case of environmental tort legal provisions are not difficult to timely and effectively to protect the legitimate rights and interests of citizens, for example through the sewage polluting enterprises act indirectly infringe the property rights of citizens, or by casting harmful noise, light The source of harassment of citizens' personal and property rights. Such behavior may cause environmental pollution and ecological destruction of environmental tort, this paper focuses on the research of the former, and will not be discussed in this paper. The ecological damage problem analysis and problem solving order logic structure, focus on the analysis of the problem of the lack of analysis of the citizen's environmental right, reason and the consequences of environmental tort remedies to improve the change of proof of causation is core problem of environmental responsibility assignment of tort system. At present in our country by the general principles of civil law > >, < > and < the environmental protection law of the tort liability law > Basic Law, mixed legislative system law supplement, which can not be responsible fully meet the judicial practice of environmental tort damage compensation system in the absence of demand. The punitive compensation system, the system of compensation for spiritual damages, the victim's loss is difficult to be completely Make up, can make the tort social relief function can be achieved. The environmental tort civil relief system abroad has been the development of more mature, especially the principle of imputation, relief, causality, non litigation settlement mechanism, and other aspects. First, the citizen's environmental right legal vacancy, is also China's citizens the environment right theory research still needs to be further improved, especially the human rights theory is not perfect, economic development is the result of the first priority and other factors, the lack of citizen's environmental right will also cause environmental damage to the interests of not timely through civil judicial remedies, which fundamentally damaged the ecological environment of modern citizens of good human living environment the pursuit and the country as a whole. Second, redistribution of the causal relationship between the harm behavior and harm result of citizen people's behavior of burden of proof in the current theory and judicial Practice is the key and difficult problem. The author from the foreign theory, combined with the domestic situation, the conception and the analysis of the distribution of burden of proof in two steps in the process. That is, the first victim of the preliminary proof responsibility, the plaintiff need only based on experience and knowledge on the basis of the facts on normal experience fact. Rational people, normal reasoning and comprehensive judgment can be drawn with a causal relationship, can reach the standard of proof of probability, completed the task preliminary proof responsibility. Secondly the behavior of enterprises in the victims completed the preliminary proof responsibility, the burden of proof of the remaining shall be borne by the defendant, the judge whether achieve comprehensive judgment the standard of proof of probability, otherwise the defendant cannot prove the consequences of litigation. In third, the author of the environmental tort civil relief system in which he added and There are some suggestions and suggestions for supporting auxiliary system problems. For example, environmental liability insurance system, non litigation dispute resolution mechanism, and environmental information disclosure system, all of these are supportive and supportive help for the settlement of environmental tort cases.

【学位授予单位】：广东外语外贸大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D922.68;D923

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