环境风险沟通制度研究

发布时间：2018-03-01 11:19

本文关键词： 环境风险沟通风险设施协商治理信息工具　出处：《重庆大学》2016年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：随着认知的变迁,风险不再完全来自于人类不可操控的力量,相反随着科技的发展,抵御人类活动引发风险的频度已经超越了抵御来自自然的风险。而恰恰可以通过制度控制的正是这来自人类活动的风险,毕竟自然风险的不可知、不可控至今不能被人类所彻底克服。所以,风险是现代化改革和进步所衍生的必然产物,伴随生产力的飞跃式提升,社会内各种潜在威胁的爆发也扩大到了一个前所未有的程度,这深刻的表明风险社会已经到来。在这种社会环境中,无法进行分析和预知的后果从某个角度来讲已变成历史和社会的主宰力量。基于此,本文所讨论的环境风险限缩在是由人类活动导致产生的,对自然环境和人类社会产生隐匿性威胁,此类威胁具有可能性和非明确性,这种威胁进一步发展产生的后果。长期的研究得出环境风险来自于人类活动,在活动与风险产生之间必然存在着某种连结渠道,否则人类活动并不必然带来导致环境风险的产生,而这一渠道便是制度:唯有制度本身不合理或者制度合理但未得到遵循的情形下,人类活动与环境风险间就出现了可以解释的逻辑。为此,控制环境风险的核心不是控制人类活动,而是控制规范人类活动的制度。对于环境风险的制度控制,既包含了环境风险识别制度、环境风险评估制度,也有本文所突出阐述的环境风险沟通制度。科技与经济可以恰当的保证风险的识别与评估,而制度控制的目的是通过控制人类的活动达到控制风险的结果,因此,在环境风险控制制度体系中直接关切人类活动的便是由活动多方主体共同参与的环境风险沟通制度。在环境风险沟通制度的解释框架下,首先通过风险词源及本义的解读与环境风险产生逻辑的梳理明确提出环境风险沟通的认知,并论证其意义。环境风险沟通的制度主体既包括了传统环境治理参与方的政府、公众与企业,还包括了作为沟通媒介的媒体、组织与专家。其制度内容主要囊括了环境风险从决策到突发状态与处置后三个不同阶段的制度设计。这种制度设计既要遵循环境风险沟通既有的模型,也要兼顾好环境风险沟通需要考虑的诸多因素,更要选择好沟通所使用的制度工具。作为对解释框架的补充,本部分也相应从工具角度、主题角度等介绍了域外的制度经验与启示。完成制度内容的介绍,随之便是制度内蕴理论的求证。以贝克和吉登斯为代表的现代风险社会理论证明了环境风险沟通制度中“风险”的社会性与制度需求;以哈贝马斯为代表的商谈理论、奥斯特罗姆为代表的多中心治理理论以及传统环境法的环境民主理论组成的协商治理理论体系,证明了环境风险沟通制度中“沟通”作为环境风险控制制度的核心方法与核心制度的正当性;作为传统环境法治的基本原则,环境风险预防原则从法理上论证环境风险沟通的制度化的合理性与正当性的来源。理论层面的证成更需要实践层面的求证。在风险沟通制度的实践演进过程中,先后经历了三个向度的转变:主体向度的以科技为中心向以沟通为中心的转变;客体向度的从命令管制工具到市场工具再到信息工具选择的转变;内容向度的从无效沟通到有效沟通的转变。无论是理论还是实践都足以印证选择环境风险沟通制度是控制环境风险的最优制度选择。然而,制度的运行就必然面临的困境——“谁来沟通?沟通什么?如何沟通?”这是完善环境风险沟通制度必须要回答的三个问题。行政部门主导下的沟通困境、企业消极沟通的制度困境、公众难以参与沟通的制度困境是当前沟通主体面临的三大问题。而作为制度方法的信息工具也因制度缺陷面临着环境信息失灵的困境。具体到如何沟通,应有的行政程序缺失;既有的沟通失真;沟通对象缺少保障,这些都成为具体完善沟通制度的关键问题。对症下药,作为环境风险沟通制度的完善路径,首先,结合多元共治体系下环境风险沟通各主体的行动框架,从风险决策前、突发环境危机时、风险处置后三个阶段分别设置各主体的行动框架与制度规范。其次,通过信息收集工具、信息交流工具的改进以及信息识别工具和补强工具的完善,健全环境风险信息工具的法制应用机制。最后,从原则到规则实现相关立法的完善,其中主要包括环境风险预防原则的确立;环境风险评价制度的建立以及企业环境信息披露制度的完善。
[Abstract]:With the development of cognitive changes, risk is no longer entirely from the human can not control the power, in contrast with the development of science and technology, the frequency of human activities lead to the risk of the resist has gone beyond the risks from nature. It can control system is the risk from human activity, after all natural risks are unknown, not controlled by humans has not completely overcome. So, the risk is an inevitable outcome of modernization and the progress of the derivative, with the promotion of leap of productivity, social all kinds of potential threats to the outbreak is also extended to a hitherto unknown degree, which deeply shows that risk society is coming. In such a social environment, can not be analysis and predict the consequences from a perspective of history and society has become the dominant force. Based on this, this paper discussed the environmental risk limit is in by human activities The result of occult threats, natural environment and human society, has the possibility of such threats and non clear, the consequences of the further development of this threat. The long-term results of environmental risk from human activities, produced in the activities and risks there must be some nexus, otherwise does not necessarily bring human activities lead to environmental the risk, and this is the only channel system: the system itself is not reasonable or unreasonable but have not been followed under the situation of human activities and environmental risk appeared can explain the logic. Therefore, environmental risk control is the core of the control of human activities, but the control standard of human activities for system. Environmental risk control system, which includes not only the environmental risk identification system, environmental risk assessment system, also has the outstanding environmental risk communication set System identification and evaluation of technology and economy can ensure appropriate risk control system, and the purpose is to control the activities of human beings to control the risk of the results, therefore, directly concerns the human activities in the environmental risk control system is the environmental risk communication system by the participation of multi subject activities. In the framework of environmental interpretation the risk communication system, first generation logic by interpreting and environmental risk and the original meaning of the etymology combing clearly put forward the environmental risk communication cognition, and to demonstrate the significance of the system. The main environmental risk communication includes not only the traditional environmental governance in the government, public and enterprise, but also as a medium of communication media. The organization and experts. The contents of the system mainly include the environmental risk from the decision-making to the emergency disposal and after three different stages of the system design. This system The design should follow the existing environmental risk communication model, but also take into account many factors to consider environmental risk communication, system tools to choose a good communication use. As a supplement to the explanatory framework, this part from the corresponding tool angle, the view of the subject introduces the experience and Enlightenment of foreign system to complete the system. The content of the introduction, then the system intrinsic theory confirmation. With Beck and Giddens as the representative of the modern risk society theory shows that the environmental risk communication system in the "risk" of social and institutional needs; represented by Habermas's discourse theory, system of deliberative governance theory composed of Ostrom as the representative of the multi center governance theory and the traditional the environmental law theory of democratic environment, proved the environmental risk communication system "communication" as the core method of environmental risk control system and core system The degree of legitimacy; as the basic principle of traditional environmental law, rationality and legitimacy of the system of the source of environmental risk prevention principle demonstration of environmental risk communication. From the legal theory into practice to verify the certificate. In the process of the evolution of practice of risk communication system, has gone through three dimensions subject to change: the degree of technology transformation center to communicate as the center of the object to change; from the command control tool to tool to information tools of choice; from the content to the degree of ineffective communication to communicate effectively change. Both in theory and in practice are sufficient to prove environmental risk communication the system is to choose the optimal control system of environmental risk. However, the operating system must face the dilemma of who to communicate communication? What? How to communicate? "This is the perfect environmental risk communication system Three questions must be answered. The communication difficulties under the domination of the administrative department, system enterprises negative communication, public communication is difficult to participate in predicament three major problems facing the current of the main communication. As a system information tool for system defects facing the environmental information specific to the failure to communicate. Administrative procedures, lack of proper communication; the existing communication object distortion; lack of security, these have become the key problems to improve the specific communication system. As an antidote against the disease, path, improve the environmental risk communication system firstly, combined with the action framework of multi governance environmental risk system communication among the subjects, from the risk decision before the sudden environmental crisis when the framework of action and regulation of risk disposal after the three stages are respectively arranged among the subjects. Secondly, through information collection tools, communication tools and improvement Identification of information tools and reinforcing tool improvement, improve environmental risk information system application tool mechanism. Finally, from the principle to realize the rules of legislation, including the establishment of environmental risk prevention principle; the establishment of environmental risk assessment system and improve corporate environmental information disclosure system.

【学位授予单位】：重庆大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：D922.68

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