论我国固体废弃物国内跨界转移的法律规制

发布时间：2018-05-24 16:51

本文选题：固体废弃物 + 国内跨界转移　；参考：《湘潭大学》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：固体废弃物国内跨界转移是指固体废弃物在一国国境内，从一个地方转移到另一个地方，两地之间有明确的一条“线”，即界，根据我国国家、地方立法的实际情况，固体废弃物国内跨界转移应理解为固体废弃物在我国国境内，跨省（自治区、直辖市）、跨市（自治州、区）、跨县（自治县、街道）三个不同层次的转移。不断增加的产生量、供需对口、经济利益、技术水平等因素，使得固体废弃物国内跨界转移成为了必然趋势。固体废弃物国内跨界转移尤其是非法无序转移会造成转出地、转入地以及转移沿线地区不同程度的环境污染，因此，对固体废弃物国内跨界转移进行法律规制显得尤为重要。通过比较考察，美国对固体废弃物国内跨界转移的管理以《资源回收和保护法》为基础，配备了经营许可制度和跟踪制度，并且根据固体废弃物产生者单位时间内产生量的大小规定了不同的管理制度。日本通过严格落实到位的传票制度，规制固体废弃物从产生到收集运输最终到处置的全过程，最大限度地减少了固体废弃物在运输转移途中可能造成的环境污染。德国则以《固体废物循环经济法》《固体废物运输证管理条例》明确了固体废弃物国内跨界转移的具体运输线路、运输时间、运输工具的要求等，严格执行跟踪单制度。通过分析以上较为先进和规范的国家的做法，我国应从制定专门的法律法规规定、明确具体的跨界转移规制管理者、制定完善详细的跨界转移制度、配套年度转移规制规划四方面着手对固体废弃物国内跨界转移进行法律规制。 2011年云南曲靖铬污染事件折射出我国固体废弃物国内跨界转移在立法和执行层面的诸多问题：缺乏健全的法律法规体系，执法层面多头管理、各执法机构职责交叉，缺乏可操作的具体制度，救济制度的不严格等。正因为上述问题的存在，我国在固体废弃物国内跨界转移过程中频发环境污染事故，也因此付出了沉重的代价。对固体废弃物国内跨界转移规制制定单行法律或者在《中华人民共和国固体废物污染环境防治法》中辟专章加以规定，从而让全国各地的法律规制有共同的上位法遵循；优化责任机制，建立单一领导管理体制，从纵向和横向上明确管理部门的职能职责；通过制度创新，建立全国统一的运输工具加装GPS制度、固体废弃物收集运输企业经营资质全国统一管理认证制度、押金返还制度等，，让新老制度相互配合协调，形成良性循环；通过变通相对灵活的行政处罚制度、制定更为科学的民事责任制度、设定合理的刑事责任等等，来确保救济严格到位。可以通过上述四方面的完善，有效规制我国固体废弃物国内跨界转移，推动我国环保立法的健全完善以及环保事业的发展。
[Abstract]:The domestic transboundary transfer of solid waste means that solid waste is transferred from one place to another within the territory of one country. There is a clear "line" between the two places, that is, the boundary, according to the actual situation of the national and local legislation of our country. The domestic transborder transfer of solid waste should be understood as the transfer of solid waste in three different levels within the territory of our country, between provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government), across cities (autonomous prefectures, districts, counties and streets). The increasing production, supply and demand, economic benefits, technical level and other factors make the domestic cross-border transfer of solid waste become an inevitable trend. Domestic transboundary transfer of solid waste, especially illegal and disorderly transfer, will result in environmental pollution of different degree in the place of transfer, transfer and transfer along the line, so it is particularly important to regulate the domestic cross-border transfer of solid waste by law. Through comparative investigations, the management of domestic transboundary movements of solid waste in the United States is based on the Resource recovery and Protection Act, and is equipped with a business license system and a tracking system. According to the amount of solid waste per unit time, different management systems are defined. By strictly implementing the subpoena system, Japan regulates the whole process of solid waste from generation to collection and transportation to final disposal, and minimizes the possible environmental pollution caused by solid waste in the course of transportation and transfer. In Germany, the "solid waste recycle economy law" and "regulations on the management of solid waste transport license" defined the specific transportation routes, transportation time and the requirements of the means of transportation for the domestic cross-border transfer of solid waste, and strictly implemented the system of tracking orders. Through the analysis of the practices of the more advanced and standardized countries above, our country should formulate special laws and regulations, make clear the specific regulatory managers of cross-border transfer, and formulate and improve the detailed cross-border transfer system. The four aspects of supporting annual transfer regulation plan are to regulate the domestic cross-border transfer of solid waste. The 2011 incident of chromium pollution in Qujing, Yunnan Province, reflects many problems in the legislative and executive aspects of the domestic cross-border transfer of solid waste in China: lack of a sound legal and regulatory system, multiple management at the law enforcement level, and overlapping responsibilities of various law enforcement agencies. Lack of operational specific system, relief system is not strict and so on. Because of the above problems, environmental pollution accidents occur frequently in the process of domestic transborder transfer of solid waste in China, which also pay a heavy price. Make a separate law on the regulation of the domestic transboundary transfer of solid waste or set up a special chapter in the Law of the people's Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of solid waste pollution, so that the legal regulations of all parts of the country can be followed by common upper laws; Optimizing the responsibility mechanism, establishing a single leadership management system, clarifying the functions and responsibilities of the management department vertically and horizontally, establishing a unified national transportation system with GPS through system innovation, Solid waste collection and transportation enterprises' operating qualifications nationwide unified management certification system, deposit return system, etc., so that the old and new systems can coordinate with each other to form a virtuous circle; and through a relatively flexible administrative punishment system, Make more scientific civil liability system, set up reasonable criminal liability and so on, to ensure that the relief is strictly in place. Through the improvement of the above four aspects, we can effectively regulate the domestic transborder transfer of solid waste in China, and promote the sound improvement of environmental protection legislation and the development of environmental protection cause in our country.
【学位授予单位】：湘潭大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D922.68

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