环境共同侵权民事责任研究

发布时间：2018-05-31 21:27

本文选题：环境共同侵权 + 归责原则　；参考：《西南政法大学》2009年硕士论文

【摘要】： 随着市场经济的飞速发展,现代工业的迅速扩张,环境污染和生态破坏现象也日益严重。而在因环境污染和破坏造成的损害中,又以环境共同侵权所造成的损害最为突出。环境共同侵权是指两个或两个以上的行为人,其行为相结合所致环境污染和破坏,使他人遭受财产、人身或环境权益方面损害的一种特殊共同侵权行为。环境共同侵权行为责任主体多元,且不以侵权人意思联络为构成要件,因果关系复杂,对个人私利和社会公益等方面的影响重大,因此,构建环境共同侵权责任体系意义重大。众多环境受害者如何通过法律途径来维护自己的合法权益成为摆在法学研究者面前不容忽视的现实问题。环境共同侵权行为如何构成?环境共同侵权责任如何分担?这都是摆在我们面前的重要课题。我国现行环境共同侵权责任法律制度还不完善,在实体法的规定上,各种法律法规中还没有明确的环境共同侵权责任构成要件的规定,各侵权行为人内部责任没有明确等问题,这给司法实践处理相关问题造成不便,可能因法官的不同而处理有异,导致实践中无法及时、合理地对当事人进行救济。因此,如何紧密结合环境法的特点来研究环境共同侵权的判断标准和责任承担等问题就具有重要的理论和现实意义。本文分四个部分对环境共同侵权的几个重大问题进行了研究。第一部分界定了环境共同侵权的概念,通过与一般环境侵权行为和共同侵权的对比,探讨了其特点与类型,并从分析当前有关共同侵权本质的学说特点和各国实践入手,紧密结合当前的立法政策和环境法的独特规律,提出以客观共同说作为环境共同侵权本质的理想选择。第二部分重点介绍了环境共同侵权行为的归责原则。首先概括论述了归责原则的概念及其在侵权行为法中的地位。然后采用比较分析的方法,论述了大陆法系和英美法系国家在环境共同侵权案件中所采用的归责原则,以期对我国有所借鉴。最后对我国环境共同侵权行为的归责原则,提出了我国应采用以无过错责任原则,以公平责任原则为补充作为我国环境共同侵权行为的归责原则体系。第三部分重点介绍了环境共同侵权行为的构成要件。在该章中,本文首先参照传统的构成要件理论,结合环境共同侵权行为的特点,提出了共同的侵害行为、同一的损害结果、总体的因果关系三个要件,并分别进行了论述。然后从环境共同侵权民事责任的抗辩角度分析了在不可抗力、第三人过错、受害人过错的情形下共同侵权人的责任。第四部分分析了环境共同侵权民事责任的体系。首先探讨了环境侵权民事责任的划分和承担方式。然后通过比较分析的方法,论述了各国在环境共同侵权民事责任社会化方面的实践经验。最后对立足于我国现实,提出了环境共同侵权民事责任社会化具体制度的构想。
[Abstract]:With the rapid development of market economy and the rapid expansion of modern industry, environmental pollution and ecological destruction are becoming more and more serious. In the damage caused by environmental pollution and destruction, the damage caused by environmental joint infringement is the most prominent. Environmental joint tort is a special joint tort that two or more actors, whose actions lead to environmental pollution and damage, cause damage to other people's property, personal or environmental rights and interests. The main body of environmental joint tort liability is pluralistic, and it does not take the intention contact of infringer as the constituent element, the causality is complex, and the influence on personal interests and social public welfare is significant, so it is of great significance to construct the environmental joint tort liability system. How to protect the legal rights and interests of many environmental victims through legal channels has become a realistic problem that can not be ignored in front of legal researchers. How to constitute environmental joint tort? How to share the environmental joint tort liability? These are important subjects before us. The current legal system of environmental joint tort liability in our country is not perfect. In the substantive law, there are no clear provisions of the constitutive elements of environmental joint tort liability in various laws and regulations, and the internal liability of each tortfeasor is not clear. This makes it inconvenient for judicial practice to deal with related problems, and may be dealt with differently because of the different judges, which leads to the failure of timely and reasonable relief to the parties in practice. Therefore, it is of great theoretical and practical significance to study the judgment criteria and liability assumption of environmental joint tort in the light of the characteristics of environmental law. This article divides four parts to carry on the research to the environment joint tort several important questions. The first part defines the concept of environmental joint tort, discusses its characteristics and types by comparing it with general environmental tort and joint tort, and begins with the analysis of the theory and practice of the nature of joint tort. Combining closely with the current legislative policy and the unique law of environmental law, this paper puts forward the ideal choice of taking objective common theory as the essence of environmental joint tort. The second part focuses on the principle of imputation of environmental joint tort. Firstly, the concept of imputation principle and its status in tort law are summarized. Then, by using the method of comparative analysis, this paper discusses the principle of imputation in environmental joint tort cases in civil law system and common law system, in order to draw lessons from our country. Finally, the author puts forward that our country should adopt the principle of no-fault liability and the principle of fair liability as the system of imputation of environmental joint tort. The third part focuses on the elements of environmental joint tort. In this chapter, first of all, referring to the traditional theory of constitutive elements, combined with the characteristics of environmental joint tort, this paper puts forward three elements of common infringement, the same result of damage, the overall causality, and discusses respectively. Then it analyzes the liability of the joint infringer in the case of force majeure, fault of the third party and fault of the victim from the angle of defense of civil liability for environmental joint tort. The fourth part analyzes the civil liability system of environmental joint tort. First of all, it discusses the division of environmental tort civil liability and the way to assume it. Then, through comparative analysis, this paper discusses the practical experience of countries in the socialization of environmental joint tort civil liability. Finally, based on the reality of our country, put forward the concept of socialization of environmental joint tort civil liability.
【学位授予单位】：西南政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：D922.6

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