我国海洋环境管理制度研究

发布时间：2018-07-10 02:32

本文选题：海洋环境管理 + 库兹涅茨曲线　；参考：《西北农林科技大学》2009年硕士论文

【摘要】： 沿海地区经济高速发展产生了巨大的环境压力。当前,中国沿海地区人口增长迅速,经济发展十分迅猛,大量的工业废水和生活污水排放到海洋,农业面源污染和径流也将各类污染物和营养盐输送到海洋。与此同时,各种海洋开发活动如围填海、海上油气开发、船舶运输等,都增加了海洋环境压力,我国经过三十年的努力,虽已初步形成了具有中国特色的海洋环境管理的法律法规制度。但我国的海洋环境管理法律法规体系还不完善,法律条文过于原则,缺乏可操作性。海洋环境保护缺乏宏观规划和法规标准,重点海域环境保护缺乏宏观指导、协调和规划,导致重点海域的环境保护和整治无法有效开展,许多海洋环境保护措施无法有效落实。同时,由于缺乏具体可操作性的海洋环境保护法规及技术标准,在海洋环境保护上管理依据不足,监测和评估规范化不强,难以建立实施有效的海洋环境监管、监测和评价体系。海洋环境保护资金技术短缺,国家在海洋环境保护工作中的资金投入尽管逐年增加,但是与海洋环境保护实际需求相比差距还很大,导致重点海域整治修复滞后,海洋环境监测管理体系能力薄弱,用于海洋生态建设的投资比例更少。当前还缺乏许多先进适用的海洋环境保护、监测和评估的科学技术,从事该领域的专业技术人员也十分短缺。监督管理机制还不完善,海洋环境保护缺乏综合协调和联合执法的机制和手段,致使许多跨行政区域、跨行政部门的海洋坏境保护问题难以解决。在海洋上不境管理中,区域利益、地方利益和部门利益还无法有效协调,加剧了环境保护监管的难度。与此同时,充分发挥行政管理手段、经济手段、市场化手段的多种措施并举还不够,基层公众和非政府组织参与海洋环境保护的作用尚未有效发挥。所以,建议要根据目前国际海洋环境管理法律体系趋于一体化、综合化的趋势要求,整合我国现行法律法规,并出台相应的配套实施细则或实施办法,尽量减少法律真空。另一方面要统一海洋管理部门,严格依法行政,维护法律的权威。
[Abstract]:The rapid economic development of coastal areas has produced great environmental pressure. At present, China's coastal areas have a rapid population growth and rapid economic development. A large number of industrial wastewater and domestic sewage are discharged into the sea. Agricultural non-point source pollution and runoff also transport all kinds of pollutants and nutrients to the sea. At the same time, all kinds of marine development activities, such as reclamation, offshore oil and gas development and ship transportation, have increased the pressure on the marine environment. After 30 years of efforts, Although has initially formed the Chinese characteristic marine environment management laws and regulations system. However, the legal system of marine environmental management in China is not perfect, the legal provisions are too principled and lack of maneuverability. The lack of macroscopical planning and legal standards for marine environmental protection, and the lack of macro-guidance, coordination and planning for environmental protection in key sea areas lead to the failure to effectively carry out environmental protection and regulation in key sea areas, and many marine environmental protection measures cannot be effectively implemented. At the same time, due to the lack of operational marine environmental protection laws and regulations and technical standards, the lack of management basis for marine environmental protection, the lack of standardization of monitoring and evaluation, and the difficulty of establishing and implementing effective marine environmental supervision, Monitoring and evaluation system There is a shortage of funds and technologies for marine environmental protection. Although the national investment in marine environmental protection has increased year by year, the gap between the actual demand for marine environmental protection and the actual demand for marine environmental protection is still very large, resulting in a lag in the renovation and restoration of key sea areas. The capacity of marine environmental monitoring and management system is weak, and the proportion of investment in marine ecological construction is even less. At present, there are still many advanced and applicable marine environment protection, monitoring and assessment science and technology, and there is also a shortage of professional and technical personnel in this field. The supervision and management mechanism is not perfect, the marine environment protection lacks the comprehensive coordination and the joint law enforcement mechanism and the means, resulting in many cross-administrative regions, cross-administrative departments of marine environment protection problems are difficult to solve. In the management of maritime environment, regional, local and departmental interests can not be effectively coordinated, which makes it more difficult to supervise environmental protection. At the same time, it is not enough to give full play to administrative means, economic means and market-oriented measures, and the role of grass-roots public and non-governmental organizations in marine environmental protection has not been effectively brought into play. Therefore, it is suggested that according to the trend of integration and integration of the international marine environment management legal system, the current laws and regulations of our country should be integrated, and corresponding implementing rules or measures should be issued to reduce the legal vacuum as far as possible. On the other hand, it is necessary to unify the maritime management department, strictly administer according to law, and safeguard the authority of the law.
【学位授予单位】：西北农林科技大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：X55;D922.6

【引证文献】