遗传资源及其获取与惠益分享机制研究

发布时间：2018-12-11 19:14

【摘要】：“遗传资源”是指取自人体、动物、植物或者微生物等的含有遗传功能单位并具有实际或者潜在价值的材料。随着生物技术的迅猛发展,遗传资源已逐渐成为影响人类和社会经济可持续发展的重要自然资源,在解决粮食、健康、能源和环境问题等方面发挥着重要作用。遗传资源也具有巨大的科研价值,是生物科学和技术领域突破与攻关的关键要素之一。同时,由于其用于商业中能产生巨大的经济价值,是经济发展的战略性物资。在这种形势下,越来越多的国家对遗传资源的开发和利用给予了极大的关注,遗传资源已成为各国争夺的目标。因而遗传资源的获取和惠益分享(ABS)也必然提上法律层面。以期在遗传资源的获取方式以及如何在遗传资源使用者与提供者之间分享由资源利用所带来的惠益等问题上实现公平。当前,遗传资源获取与惠益分享的国际机制已经初具规模,包括联合国的《生物多样性公约》、《联合国海洋法公约》,世界贸易组织组织的《与贸易有关的知识产权协议》,联合国粮食和农业组织《粮食和农业植物遗传资源国际条约》。除了这些普遍性国际公约之外,一些区域性国际组织、如安第斯共同体、非洲联盟、东南亚国家联盟、欧盟等也在遗传资源的获取与惠益分享方面有着全面的法律规制措施。另外在美国、秘鲁、印度等国家也形成了完善的遗传资源获取与惠益分享的国内调整机制。我国是遗传资源丰富的国家,构建我国遗传资源获取与惠益分享法律机制,有利于维护我国对其遗传资源所拥有的主权权利,有利于巩固我国贸易大国地位的需要,有利于提升我国生物多样性保护水平。我参加的相关国际条约为相关制度的构建提供了国际标准,完善国内法体系为相关制度的构建提供了法律基础。不断出现的遗传技术工程为相关制度的构建提供了社会基础,国家的高度重视为相关制度的构建提供了认识基础。
[Abstract]:"genetic resources" refers to materials that contain genetic functional units and have actual or potential value from human bodies, animals, plants or microorganisms. With the rapid development of biotechnology, genetic resources have gradually become an important natural resource that affects the sustainable development of human and social economy. It plays an important role in solving the problems of food, health, energy and environment. Genetic resources are also of great scientific research value and are one of the key elements in the field of biological science and technology. At the same time, because it can produce huge economic value in business, it is a strategic material for economic development. In this situation, more and more countries pay great attention to the development and utilization of genetic resources. Therefore, access to genetic resources and benefit-sharing (ABS) must also be raised to the legal level. It is expected to achieve fairness in the way of obtaining genetic resources and how to share the benefits brought by the utilization of genetic resources between the users and providers of genetic resources. At present, international mechanisms for access and benefit-sharing of genetic resources have begun to take shape, including the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, the World Trade Organization's Agreement on Trade-Related aspects of intellectual property Rights, International Treaty on Plant genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. In addition to these universal international conventions, some regional international organizations, such as the Andean Community, the African Union, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and the European Union, also have comprehensive legal regulations on access to genetic resources and benefit-sharing. In addition, in the United States, Peru, India and other countries have formed a perfect genetic resources access and benefit-sharing domestic adjustment mechanism. China is a country rich in genetic resources. To construct a legal mechanism for obtaining and benefit-sharing of genetic resources in China is conducive to safeguarding the sovereign rights of China over its genetic resources and to consolidating the status of our country as a trading power. It will help to improve the level of biodiversity conservation in China. The relevant international treaties to which I am a party provide the international standards for the construction of the relevant systems, and the perfection of the domestic legal system provides the legal basis for the construction of the relevant systems. The continuous emergence of genetic technology engineering provides the social foundation for the construction of relevant institutions, and the state attaches great importance to provide the understanding basis for the construction of related institutions.
【学位授予单位】：北京交通大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D922.6

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