中澳儿童权益保护法律制度比较研究

发布时间：2018-03-13 08:30

本文选题：儿童最大利益　切入点：儿童权益保护　出处：《山西大学》2007年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： 儿童是社会的弱势群体，对弱势群体进行特别保护是人权理论发展和当今世界立法的总趋势。儿童的立法是否完善，是衡量一个国家法制进步与否的基本尺。国际上有1959年《儿童权利宣言》和1989年《儿童权利公约》等关于儿童的法律。我国政府历来十分重视保护儿童权益，在宪法以及《中华人民共和国未成年人保护法》中都对儿童权益的保护作出了原则性的规定，但是我国有关儿童权利的保护理论侧重于青少年刑事犯罪方面，视角较为单一。随着我国改革开放的深入发展，特别是计划经济体制为市场经济体制所取代，社会生活的各个领域都发生了翻天覆地的变化，在婚姻家庭领域关于儿童的立法情况也出现了许多新问题，“更加注意尊重和保护儿童利益”已是现代婚姻家庭法的发展趋势之一。因此，我国的儿童权益保护存在许多亟待解决和需要完善的问题。相比之下，澳大利亚自从1990年加入《儿童权利公约》之后。在儿童权利保护立法上取得了长足的进步，确立了诸多先进的儿童权利保护规定，体系较为完善且可操作性强。在司法实践方面也积累了不少经验。本文试图通过中国与澳大利亚有关儿童权益保护法律制度的比较，分析我国与澳大利亚儿童权益保护法律制度之间的差异，借鉴其立法与司法的有益经验，再结合我国实际国情，提出完善我国相关立法与司法的建议，以期对我国的儿童权利保护事业提供一个可借鉴的思考角度。本文除前言和结束语外，共分为四个部分。第一部分对儿童权益保护法律制度进行了综合性的叙述。在明确了“儿童”定义的基础上，介绍了儿童权益保护法律制度的历史沿革以及与儿童权益保护相关的基本理论和国际立法。最后阐释了儿童权益保护的法律意义。第二部分对中澳儿童权益保护立法进行比较分析。通过中澳儿童权益保护法律制度的对比，可以看出中澳儿童权益保护法律制度在“儿童最大利益”原则，儿童的生命权问题，婚生子女的确认与非婚生子女的称谓，父母责任的强调和“独立代表人”制度的设立等方面存在异同。第三部分对中澳儿童权益保护司法实践进行比较。首先指出了澳大利亚司法实践中的若干问题，如子女意愿优先问题；父母操行问题；性别优先问题；宗教信仰问题；子女姓氏决定问题和对同性家庭儿童特殊保护的问题。之后阐述了中国儿童权益保护司法实践中父母监护缺位引发的社会问题，父母离婚后儿童的监护问题以及同性家庭中的儿童抚养问题。最后指出了澳大利亚儿童权益保护司法实践给我国的启示。第四部分提出完善我国儿童权益保护法律制度的建议。首先指出中国儿童权益保护的立法缺陷与司法实践中存在的问题。如在立法方面说明其未确立“儿童最大利益原则”；未取消非婚生子女的称谓；关于婚生子女、人工生育子女和继子女身份的确认不明确；离婚诉讼中未设立儿童“诉讼代表人”制度等问题。在司法实践方面，指出法院对“流浪”儿童、“留守”儿童和贫困儿童三类特殊儿童司法保护的不力；在确定离婚后未成年子女监护权的归属方面没有将子女最大利益原则作为首要考虑条件；以及在同性家庭中子女抚养方面存在的困惑。在分析这些问题的基础上，，借鉴澳大利亚相关有益的经验，结合我国具体国情，提出完善我国儿童权利保护立法与司法的建议。
[Abstract]:Children are the vulnerable groups of society, special protection of vulnerable groups is the general trend of development and the world legislation theory of human rights. Children's legislation is perfect, is the basic rule to measure progress in a country's legal system and not. 1959 "Declaration on the rights of the child and the Convention on the rights of the child in 1989 < > > and other international laws about children. The Chinese government has always attached great importance to the protection of children's rights in the constitution, the law on the protection of minors and the < People's Republic of China > in children's rights made provisions in principle, but the protection theory of children's rights in China focuses on the youth criminal, the more a single perspective. With the further development of China's reform and opening up in particular, the planned economy system to market economy system replaced all areas of social life have undergone changes in turn the world upside down, in the field of marriage and family in children There are many new problems in the legislation of children. "Paying more attention to respect and protect the interests of children" is one of the trends of modern marriage and family law. Therefore, there are many problems to be solved and need to be perfected in the protection of children's rights and interests in China.
In contrast, Australia since 1990 to join the Convention on the rights of the child. < > has made considerable progress in the protection of children's rights legislation, established many advanced children rights protection regulations system is perfect and operable. In the judicial practice has accumulated much experience. This paper tries to compare China about Australia children's rights protection legal system, analyzes the differences between the legal system of China and Australia to protect children's rights, draw lessons from the legislative and judicial experience, combined with the actual situation in our country, put forward perfect our country relevant legislative and judicial suggestions, the cause of the protection of children's rights to China in order to provide a reference the angle of thinking.
In addition to the preface and the end, this article is divided into four parts.
The first part gives a comprehensive description of children's rights protection legal system. In the clear "based on the definition of children", introduces the history of the legal system of the protection of children's rights protection and related basic theory and the international law and the rights of children. The final interpretation of the legal significance of children's rights protection.
Second part is about the comparison of child protection legislation in Australia. By comparing the legal system of child protection in Australia, can be seen in the Australian children's rights protection legal system in "the principle of best interests of children", children's right to life, confirmation of the legitimate child and illegitimate children of the title, there are similarities and differences in the emphasis on parental responsibility and the "independent representative" system establishment and so on.
The third part compared to the judicial practice of child protection in Australia. Australia firstly pointed out several problems in the judicial practice, such as children will conduct priority issues; parents; gender priorities; religious belief; children's surname determine problems and special protection for the children of same-sex couples. Then it explains the social problems caused by parents the absence of monitoring Chinese judicial practice of child protection, guardianship of children after the parents divorce and same-sex families raising children. Finally points out the children's rights and interests protection judicial practice in Australia to China.
The fourth part puts forward to perfect the legal system of the protection of children's rights in China is proposed. Firstly pointed out that there are defects in legislation and judicial practice Chinese children's rights in question. As in the aspect of the legislation has not established the principle of the best interests of children; not canceled out of wedlock called a legitimate child; and after artificial birth children their identity is not clear; not set up children's "legal representative" system in the divorce proceedings. In judicial practice, the Court pointed out that the "Tramp" children, "the lack of left behind children and the poor children three special children of judicial protection; ownership of guardianship in determining after divorce not the best interests of the child as a primary consideration; and raising children in same-sex family aspects of confusion. On the basis of analysis of these issues for reference Australia's relevant useful experience, combined with the specific national conditions of our country, put forward suggestions to improve the legislation and judicature of the protection of the rights of children in China.

【学位授予单位】：山西大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：D913

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