论人工生殖技术下亲子关系的认定

发布时间：2018-06-08 21:34

本文选题：人工生殖技术 + 人工授精　；参考：《河北经贸大学》2014年硕士论文

【摘要】：作为一种新型的生殖辅助手段——人工生殖技术，已被广泛使用，其实人们之所以接受人工生殖，无非是满足不孕夫妇繁衍下一代的愿望。但是相对于自然生育，人工生殖毕竟是新事物，它的出现给传统自然生育下的婚姻、家庭、亲子关系造成了巨大的冲击，因而引起了广泛的争议。当然人工生殖技术不仅仅涉及到伦理方面的问题，还涉及到许多其他方面。比如实施者的条件、供体的条件、精子库的管理、子女知情权、胚胎处分权等等，，这些都是需要我们进一步制定法律法规来规范的。笔者仅仅针对亲子关系认定这一点发表些自己的观点，在笔者看来，子女的利益是人工生殖技术下首先要予以保障的，虽然未生育夫妇采取人工生殖技术会违反相关法律法规，但是出生的子女的合法权益仍应该受到法律的保护，我们应该从人性的角度出发，作为独立的个体，人工生殖技术子女享有同自然生育子女同等的权利和利益。本文结构共分为五部分：第一部分引言，主要介绍了选题的背景和意义、国内外的研究现状以及论文的主要创新点，明确了文章的研究目的，引导全文。第二部分从宏观上介绍了人工生殖技术的发展历史、概念及种类，从而对当前的人工生殖状况有一个基本的认识，人工生殖技术包括人工授精、胚胎移植和代孕，打破了生育与遗传的天然统一，给传统的亲子关系认定带来了冲击，传统的亲子关系认定规则已经不再适用人工生殖技术下亲子关系的认定。同时深入剖析了人工生殖技术存在的伦理基础和法理基础，为后文相关问题的研究作铺垫。第三部分对我国人工生殖技术下亲子关系认定的立法进行分析，指出了我国相关立法的不足，而实践中利用人工生殖技术所生子女的法律地位和财产继承等问题均无法可依，因此更有完善此方面法律的必要性和急迫性。第四部分在翻阅了大量人工生殖的书刊和杂志的基础上，同时结合各个国家的法律和典型案例，对国外人工生殖技术下亲子关系认定的立法进行了比较研究。各国普遍注重保护人工生殖子女利益的保护，但是对亲子关系认定的规则有很多差异，通过国外立法经验和实践教训的总结，试图找到适合我国的人工生殖亲子关系认定的规则。第五部分在各国立法和实践的基础上，提出了我国人工生殖技术下亲子关系认定的立法构想。笔者认为应当以保护子女利益为原则确定人工生殖亲子关系。亲子关系认定应当遵循如下规则：第一，同质人工授精亲子关系认定适用原有规则。但是婚姻关系终止后，妻子若继续使用前夫精子人工授精，需征得前夫同意后才为子女之父；第二，异质人工生殖情形下，在婚姻关系存续期间，夫妻协商一致人工授精所生子女推定为婚生子女，若未经丈夫同意，妻子擅自进行异质人工授精手术，丈夫可对该子女提起否认之诉；第三，代孕情况下采用意思表示原则，即谁有意愿通过人工生殖技术孕育子女的夫妻为法律父母，代孕母没有任何法律母亲资格。人工生殖子女地位等同于婚生子女的地位，一旦亲子身份形成，享有《婚姻法》规定的子女所享有和履行一切权利及义务。
[Abstract]:As a new means of reproduction, artificial reproduction technology has been widely used. In fact, the reason why people accept artificial reproduction is not only to satisfy the desire of the infertile couples to reproduce the next generation. But compared with natural fertility, artificial reproduction is a new thing after all, and its emergence gives birth to the traditional natural birth of marriage, family, parent child relations. Of course, artificial reproductive technology not only involves ethical issues, but also involves many other aspects, such as the conditions of the implementers, the conditions of the donor, the management of the sperm bank, the right to know the children, the right to dispose of the embryos, and so on. These all require us to further develop the legal law. According to the author's view, the author's opinion is that the interests of the children are first guaranteed under artificial reproductive technology, although the artificial reproductive technology of the unborn couples will violate the relevant laws and regulations, but the legal rights and interests of the children of the born children should still be subject to the law. From the perspective of human nature, we should protect individuals from the same rights and interests as those born naturally.
The structure of this paper is divided into five parts:
The first part of the introduction, mainly introduces the background and significance of the topic, the research status at home and abroad as well as the main innovation of the paper, clear the purpose of the article, and guide the full text.
The second part introduces the development history, concepts and types of artificial reproduction technology, and thus has a basic understanding of the current situation of artificial reproduction. Artificial reproductive technology, including artificial insemination, embryo transfer and surrogate, breaks the natural unification of fertility and heredity and brings impact to the traditional parent-child relationship. The rule of parent-child relationship is no longer applicable to the identification of parent-child relations under artificial reproductive technology. At the same time, the ethical basis and legal basis of the existence of artificial reproduction technology are deeply dissects.
The third part analyzes the legislation of the parent-child relationship identification under the artificial reproductive technology in China, and points out the insufficiency of relevant legislation in China, and the legal status and property inheritance of the children born by the artificial reproduction technology can not be dependent on the practice, so it is more necessary and urgent to improve the law in this respect.
The fourth part, on the basis of reading a large number of books and magazines of artificial reproduction, and combining the laws and typical cases of various countries, makes a comparative study on the legislation of the determination of parent-child relations under artificial reproductive technology abroad. Many differences, through the summary of foreign legislative experience and practical lessons, try to find rules suitable for China's identification of parent-child relationship in artificial reproduction.
The fifth part, on the basis of the legislation and practice of various countries, puts forward the legislative conception of the cognizance of parent-child relationship under artificial reproductive technology in China. The author believes that the relationship between artificial reproduction and parent child should be determined in principle of protecting the interests of children. Rules. But after the marriage relationship terminates, if the wife continues to use the ex husband sperm artificial insemination, it is necessary to obtain the consent of the former husband to be the father of the child. Second, in the case of heterogeneous artificial reproduction, during the marriage relationship, the children of the husband and wife consensus artificial insemination are presumed to be married children without the consent of the husband. In an artificial insemination operation, the husband can bring a denial of complaint to the child; third, in the case of surrogate, the principle of means of meaning is adopted, that is, who has the intention to give birth to a child by artificial reproductive technology as a legal parent, the mother of the surrogate mother has no legal mother's qualification. It is entitled to enjoy and fulfil all rights and obligations of children under the provisions of the marriage law.
【学位授予单位】：河北经贸大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：D923.9

【参考文献】