论我国离婚损害赔偿制度及其完善

发布时间：2018-10-29 10:37

【摘要】：法律为了保护婚姻的受害方,设立了离婚损害赔偿制度,即我国《婚姻法》第46条。这是2001年我国婚姻法新增设的法律制度,填补了我国一直以来的立法空白。但是这并不能满足司法实务操作的需要,在立法技术上也还存在缺陷,离婚损害赔偿制度的设计也就不可避免的不尽完美。本文试以我国离婚损害赔偿制度的法律基础为切入点,阐述我国的立法规定,分析其不足,提出若干完善建议。本文主体由三部分内容构成: 第一部分:离婚损害赔偿制度的概述。介绍了离婚损害赔偿制度的概念,离婚损害赔偿制度的责任构成要件以及离婚损害赔偿制度的适用范围。第二部分:我国离婚损害赔偿制度的缺陷。自从2001年我国离婚损害赔偿制度确立至今,在理论上和实践中遇到了许多问题,或者是法律的规定过于含糊,或者是使用中觉得不甚合理。为此,笔者采取比较研究方法,借鉴国外立法的成熟经验,评析我国离婚损害赔偿制度现状,指出其过错行为的范围过于狭窄、赔偿义务主体只限于过错配偶范围、赔偿标准不确定、请求权主体限制、无过错方举证困难等方面存在的缺陷,并对影响和制约我国离婚损害赔偿制度真正发挥填补精神损害、抚慰受害方、制裁过错方作用的原因进行了分析,拓展了我国今后改革和完善的思路。第三部分:我国离婚损害赔偿制度的完善。一是扩大离婚损害赔偿制度的适用范围,赔偿请求权适用除了《婚姻法》第46条列举的四种情形外,建议增加一个兜底性条款,即“其他严重违反本法规定的情形”。囊括一切侵害配偶合法权益的过错行为。二是赔偿义务主体应包括主观上有过错的“第三者”,我国将“第三者”放在道德规范中调整,实际上是免除了共同侵权人的连带责任,使得“第三者”的违法行为得不到法律制裁,这是显失公平的。三是合理确定赔偿标准,我国法律中虽然规定了一些判断精神损害赔偿额的客观标准,但实际判决赔偿的数额还是普遍偏低,建议各地人大根据当地生活水平颁布关于精神损害赔偿金数额的地方标准。四是放宽请求权主体限制。我国婚姻法,除了调整夫妻这一婚姻关系,还调整由婚姻衍生而成的家庭关系。所以婚姻当事人双方其他家庭成员也应当可以成为离婚损害赔偿请求权的主体。五是引入“离婚损害”,受害人只须证明离婚使自己的生活水平下降或遭受了某种损害,就可以要求对方当事人的损害赔偿。六是完善证据规定,应当适当降低证明要求,适用较高盖然性的证明标准、降低无过错方的举证责任,使当事人通过合法途径获得充分有利的证据来维护自己的权利。
[Abstract]:In order to protect the aggrieved party of marriage, the law establishes the system of compensation for divorce damages, that is, Article 46 of the Marriage Law of our country. This is a new legal system added to China's Marriage Law in 2001, which has filled the legislative gap in our country. However, it can not meet the needs of judicial practice, and there are still defects in legislative technology, and the design of divorce damages system is inevitably imperfect. Based on the legal basis of the system of compensation for divorce damages in China, this paper expounds the legislative provisions of our country, analyzes their shortcomings, and puts forward some suggestions for perfection. The main body of this paper consists of three parts: the first part: the summary of divorce damages system. This paper introduces the concept of divorce damage compensation system, the constitutive requirements of divorce damage compensation system and the scope of application of divorce damage compensation system. The second part: the defect of our country divorce damage compensation system. Since the establishment of the system of compensation for divorce damages in our country in 2001, there have been many problems in theory and practice, either the provisions of the law are too vague, or it is not reasonable to use them. Therefore, the author adopts the comparative research method, draws lessons from the mature experience of foreign legislation, evaluates the present situation of the divorce damage compensation system in our country, points out that the scope of its fault behavior is too narrow, and the subject of compensation obligation is limited to the fault spouse. The defects such as uncertain standard of compensation, limitation of the subject of claim, difficulty of proof for the party without fault, and so on, which affect and restrict the system of compensation for divorce damages in our country, play a real role in filling up the mental damage and soothing the injured party. This paper analyzes the causes of the action of sanctions against fault parties, and expands our thinking of reform and perfection in the future. The third part: the perfection of the system of divorce damages in our country. First, it is necessary to expand the scope of application of the system of compensation for divorce damages. In addition to the four cases listed in Article 46 of the Marriage Law, it is proposed to add a bottom-line clause, that is, "other serious violations of the provisions of this Law." Covers all acts of fault that infringe upon the lawful rights and interests of the spouse. Second, the main body of compensation obligation should include the subjective fault of the "third party". In fact, by adjusting the "third party" in the moral code, the joint and several liability of the joint infringer has been exempted. It is unfair that the third party's illegal behavior cannot be punished by law. Third, it is reasonable to determine the standard of compensation. Although there are some objective criteria for judging the amount of compensation for moral damage, the amount of compensation actually awarded is still generally low. It is suggested that the local people's Congress promulgate the local standard of compensation for moral damages according to the local standard of living. Fourth, relax the restriction of the subject of claim. China's Marriage Law not only adjusts the marital relationship, but also regulates the family relationship derived from marriage. Therefore, other family members of both parties should also be the subject of claim for divorce damages. The fifth is the introduction of "divorce damage", where the victim can claim damages from the other party if he proves that divorce has caused a decline in his living standard or suffered some kind of damage. Sixth, perfect the evidence regulation, should reduce the proof requirement appropriately, apply the higher proof standard of probability, reduce the burden of proof of the no-fault party, make the party concerned obtain the sufficient and advantageous evidence through the legal way to safeguard his right.
【学位授予单位】：西南政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：D923.9

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