保险合同中不利解释原则适用研究

发布时间：2018-03-02 07:28

本文关键词： 保险条款解释格式条款不利解释合理期待　出处：《兰州大学》2015年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：保险承载着分担社会风险和将来可能发生的意外风险的功能,而商业保险中的保险合同是厘定保险人同投保人、被保险人及受益人各方利益得失的重要依据。随着现代会社会保险行为的普遍化,基于对保险合同条文理解的模糊引起的纠纷也在不断增多,对保险合同条文合理、公平的解释不仅是保险法专家学者们研究的重点,也是我国保险行业面临的一个现实问题。保险合同的解释方法,是指保险的当事人对合同的条款或者语句存在理解上的不一致,由相关的司法部门根据一定的标准,对该条款进行解释并公平处理纠纷的过程。商业保险中使用的合同不同于一般的商品交易合同,这类合同专业性较强,且大多是格式合同。保险公司通常使用事先拟定的合同开展保险交易,以达到节约交易成本,提高交易效率的目的。但是在现实的保险业运作过程中,保险人在制定保险合同时,通常会利用其优势地位,引入免责条款,免除或限制自身的责任,同时加大合同相对方的责任。为合理分配保险当事人之间的利益,法律应当倾向于保护处于相对弱势地位的保险相对人,所以不利解释原则的出现也就成为一种必然。我国《保险法》在颁布后,并经过几次修订,确立不利解释原则作为处理保险纠纷的一项重要原则。不利原则在保险业实践中维护保险相对人利益方面的作用不可漠视,但如果法官不能正确使用这项原则处理保险纠纷,难免会有损害保险人利益之嫌。为平衡保险各方之利益天平,对不利解释原则进行理论上的探讨就显得颇有必要了。本文拟对不利解释原则在法学理论上进行研究,试图以不利解释的适用前提、适用顺序以及适用的条款类型等因素为切入点,对不利解释在适用上的除外情况进行论证和归纳总结,同时汲取国外立法的先进经验,对不利解释在我国保险法立法及司法实践中如何适用及完善,提出可行性建议,以期在保险当事人之间形成一个必要的张力,合理平衡当事人之间的利益,促进我国保险事业的正常发展。本文主体分为四个部分。第一部分主要研究不利解释的基本理论问题,探讨该原则的立法渊源,同时结合保险条款的特殊性,分析不利解释原则引入我国保险法的原因；第二部分提出保险合同解释的一般原则,并阐明不利解释原则同其它一般原则之间的关系,在适用上的逻辑顺序如何,以明确不利解释原则同其他一般原则在使用上的先后顺序；第三部分以一个案例展开,主要分析不利解释原则适用的保险条款的类型,为今后我国保险合同格式条款不利解释原则的完善提供提供一些理论依据；第四部分通过提出不利解释原则在我国立法和司法实践中存在的问题,在理论上提出问题的解决思路,探索出完善我国保险格式条款疑义解释之正确途径。
[Abstract]:Insurance bears the function of sharing social risk and possible unexpected risk in the future, and the insurance contract in commercial insurance is to determine the insurer's co-insured, With the generalization of the social insurance behavior of the modern society, the disputes caused by the vague understanding of the insurance contract provisions are also increasing, which is reasonable to the insurance contract provisions. Fair interpretation is not only the focus of the study of insurance law experts, but also a practical problem facing the insurance industry in China. Refers to the inconsistent understanding of the terms or statements of the contract by the parties to the insurance, and the relevant judicial departments shall base their understanding on certain standards. The process of interpreting this clause and resolving disputes fairly. The contracts used in commercial insurance are different from general commodity trading contracts, which are more professional, And most of them are format contracts. Insurance companies usually use pre-made contracts to carry out insurance transactions in order to save transaction costs and improve transaction efficiency. But in the actual operation of the insurance industry, When the insurer formulates the insurance contract, it usually takes advantage of its advantage, introduces the exemption clause, exempts or limits its own liability, and increases the liability of the opposite party of the contract at the same time, in order to reasonably distribute the benefit between the insurance parties, The law should be inclined to protect the relative person who is in a relatively weak position, so the emergence of the unfavorable interpretation principle has become a necessity. After the promulgation of the Insurance Law of China, it has been revised several times. Establishing the principle of unfavorable interpretation as an important principle in dealing with insurance disputes. The role of unfavorable principle in safeguarding the interests of the insurance counterpart in insurance practice cannot be ignored, but if the judge does not correctly use this principle to deal with insurance disputes, In order to balance the balance of interests of all parties, it is necessary to discuss the principle of unfavorable interpretation in theory. This paper tries to use the applicable premise, the order and the type of clauses of unfavorable interpretation as the starting point to demonstrate and sum up the exclusions in the application of unfavorable interpretation, and at the same time to draw on the advanced experience of foreign legislation. How to apply and perfect the unfavorable interpretation in the legislation and judicial practice of insurance law in our country, and put forward some feasible suggestions, in order to form a necessary tension between the insurance parties, and to reasonably balance the interests of the parties. The main body of this paper is divided into four parts. The first part mainly studies the basic theoretical problems of unfavorable interpretation, probes into the legislative origin of the principle, and combines the particularity of the insurance clause. The second part puts forward the general principles of the interpretation of insurance contract, and clarifies the relationship between the principles of adverse interpretation and other general principles, and the logical order of its application. The third part starts with a case, mainly analyzes the types of insurance clauses to which the unfavorable interpretation principle applies. To provide some theoretical basis for the perfection of the unfavorable interpretation principle of the form clause of insurance contract in our country in the future. Part 4th, the problems existing in the legislation and judicial practice of our country by putting forward the unfavorable interpretation principle. This paper puts forward the solution of the problem in theory, and explores the correct way to perfect the doubtful interpretation of the insurance form clause in our country.
【学位授予单位】：兰州大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D922.284

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