非上市股份公司章程限制股权转让问题研究

发布时间：2018-04-23 19:27

本文选题：非上市股份公司 + 章程限制　；参考：《山东大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：伴随着社会主义市场经济的飞速发展,章程在公司经营管理以及治理中发挥着不可替代的重要作用,被称之为公司的"宪法"。但在实务中,公司章程和公司法之间也存在着某些冲突,其中一个较为突出的问题就是股份公司章程究竟能否限制股份的自由转让。对于股份公司,在我国《公司法》138条和141条中,除了对发起人和公司董事、监事、高管的股份转让做出一定限制外,只规定股东所持股份可以依法转让,对于章程能否限制股份转让行为却没有进一步详细规定,这也引发了理论界与实务中的争议。在理论界,一种观点认为股份自由转让的原则不能被违背,股份公司章程中限制股份转让行为是无效的;另一种观点则认为,应当允许股份公司章程对股份转让行为设限,不同开放程度的股份公司应当做区别处理。在司法实践中,法官往往在处理某些股份公司的股权转让案件时,忽视了现实中大量存在着非上市股份公司,对公司具体类型、特征不加以细分,认为章程限制股份转让,因违反了股权自由转让的原则而无效,这种对股权自由转让的片面理解造成了实践中问题丛生。在社会的不断进步之下,某些滞后的法律条文已经无法很好的满足现实的需求,给予章程更多的自治空间,不仅有利于维护公司股东之间的信义义务,也能适应部分非上市股份公司所具备的人合性特征。为了满足公司和股东利益最大化的需要,我们必须在结合中国国情实际的基础上,通过比较研究的方法,借鉴域外相关法律制度的经验,充分发挥好我国公司章程和公司法法律体系的功效,对我国立法活动和司法裁判行为进行恰当地调整,更好地适应时代发展。本文主要分为以下几个部分:第一部分,主要谈及对非上市股份公司章程限制股权转让制度的基本认识。具体包括非上市股份公司涵义及特征,章程性质与功效。概括出章程限制股份转让的理论基础是为了维护公司的人合性以及避免"董、监、高"滥用权力,分析出问题的实质在于股权自由转让原则与章程自治原则的冲突。第二部分,全面介绍当前我国非上市股份公司章程限制股权转让的制度内容及制度当中存在的问题。首先对公司法围绕股权转让的法规进行归纳分析,指出了理论界对于章程能否限制股权转让存在的分歧和实践中非上市股份公司在股权转让中存在的问题。第三部分,证明章程限制股权转让具有正当性。通过跟有限公司的特征相比较,分析出非公众股份公司同样具有人合性与封闭性特征,同时章程限制股份自由转让既符合公司法理论的要求,也是尊重公司自治原则的体现,对于维护公司运营及股东合法权益有重要意义,这也符合全球范围内章程限制股权转让制度演变的大趋势。所以,应当允许这部分公司在章程中对股权转让适度限制。第四部分,分别对英美法系和大陆法系主流国家中关于股权转让立法状况进行介绍,在参考其先进经验的基础上,对我国公司法现行规定进行修改、完善,在立法上要尊重不同类型股份公司之间存在的差异,在规则设计上要区别对待,最大限度保证股东同公司利益的平衡与兼顾。第五部分,为我国非上市股份公司章程限制股份转让制度提出完善建议。具体包括区别章程限制股权转让的类型,明确限制的内容和廓清限制的边界。
[Abstract]:With the rapid development of the socialist market economy, the constitution plays an irreplaceable and irreplaceable role in the management and management of the company. It is called the "constitution" of the company. But in practice, there are some conflicts between the articles of association and the company law. One of the more prominent problems is whether the articles of association of the joint stock companies are whether or not. To limit the free transfer of shares, in our country ">138" and "141 articles" in the company law of China, in addition to certain restrictions on the transfer of shares of the sponsors and directors, supervisors and executives, only the shares of the shareholders can be transferred according to law, but there is no further detailed regulation on whether the articles of association can restrict the transfer of shares. In the theoretical circle, one view holds that the principle of free transfer of shares can not be violated, and the act of restricting the transfer of shares in the articles of association of a joint stock company is invalid; the other point of view is that the articles of association of the joint stock company should be allowed to limit the transfer of shares, and the joint stock companies with different degrees of openness should be used as areas. In judicial practice, in the judicial practice, the judge often ignores a large number of non listed companies in the case of equity transfer in some joint-stock companies, and does not subdivide the specific types of the company, considers the articles of association to restrict the transfer of shares, and is invalid because of the violation of the principle of free transfer of equity. The one-sided understanding has caused problems in practice. Under the continuous progress of the society, some lagging laws have not been able to meet the needs of the reality well, giving more autonomy to the constitution, which is not only conducive to the maintenance of the corporate shareholders' trust obligations, but also suitable for some non listed companies. In order to meet the needs of the maximization of the interests of the company and the shareholders, we must, on the basis of the actual conditions of China, make full use of the experience of the relevant legal systems in the foreign countries, and give full play to the effectiveness of the articles of association of our country and the legal system of the company law by means of comparative research, on the basis of the actual conditions of China's conditions, and to carry out the appropriate action of our country's legislative activities and judicial decisions. This article is mainly divided into the following parts: in the first part, it mainly talks about the basic understanding of the non listed shares company's regulations restricting the transfer of shares. It includes the meaning and characteristics of non listed companies, the nature and effectiveness of the articles of association, and summarizes the theoretical basis for the restriction of the transfer of shares in the articles of association. To maintain the company's human nature and avoid the abuse of power by "Dong, Jian, high", the essence of the problem is the conflict between the principle of free transfer of equity and the principle of autonomy of the constitution. In the second part, it introduces the existing problems in the institutional capacity and the system of the transfer of equity in the non listed company's articles of incorporation in our country. The regulation of equity transfer is summarized and analyzed, and it points out the differences between the theorists on the limitation of the stock transfer and the problems existing in the transfer of non listed shares in the practice. The third part proves that the statute limits the equity transfer to be justified. By comparing with the characteristics of the Limited company, the non public shares are analyzed. The company also has the characteristics of human nature and closeness. At the same time, the statute limits the free transfer of shares not only in accordance with the requirements of the theory of the company law, but also the embodiment of the principle of respecting the autonomy of the company. It is of great significance for the maintenance of the company's operation and the legitimate rights and interests of the shareholders, which is also in line with the trend of the evolution of the system of equity transfer in the global scope. We should allow this part of the company to restrict the transfer of shares in the articles of association. In the fourth part, we introduce the status of the equity transfer legislation in the mainstream countries of the Anglo American legal system and the continental law system respectively. On the basis of its advanced experience, the current regulations of the company law in China are revised and perfected. The difference between the companies should be treated differently in the rule design, to maximize the balance and balance between the shareholders and the interests of the company. In the fifth part, the paper puts forward a perfect proposal for the system of restricting the transfer of shares by the articles of association of the non listed shares company in China. The limits of the boundary.

【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D922.291.91

【参考文献】