上海自贸区分账核算法律制度探析

发布时间：2018-04-30 03:11

本文选题：分账核算体系 + 自由贸易账户　；参考：《华东政法大学》2015年硕士论文

【摘要】：中国(上海)自由贸易试验区是党中央在新形势下推进改革开放的重大举措,是深化改革,完善政府职能转变的试验区,即行政精简化的试验区;是适应全球经济形势变化,营造国内外投资者平等竞争市场环境的试验区,即金融国际化的试验区;是积累可复制、可推广经验的试验区,是投资贸易自由化的试验区。秉持“先行先试、风险可控、分步推进、逐步完善”的发展原则,以及“一线”放开、宏观审慎管理,“二线”管住、有限渗透的创新监管服务模式,中国人民银行在其《关于金融支持中国(上海)自由贸易试验区建设的意见》中创新性地设立分账核算体系,将其作为推行各项金融举措的载体,随着《中国(上海)自由贸易试验区分账核算业务实施细则》与《中国(上海)自由贸易试验区分账核算业务风险审慎管理细则》的出台,分账核算业务终于进入实践操作阶段。分账核算体系指的是建立独立的资金账户管理体系,制定自由贸易账户分账核算操作流程,从开户到资金划拨,统一各环节之账务处理,确保自由贸易账户的账务体系能够完整、真实地反映自由贸易账户的资金运作情况,防范风险。上海自贸区特殊分账核算体系的设立,是自贸区金融改革之关键内容,是探索投融资汇兑便利、扩大金融市场开放以及防范金融风险的重要制度安排。分账核算体系下开立自由贸易账户是与各项自贸区政策联系在一起的,是一项系统性工程。此一账户制度将分账核算体系下开立的自由贸易账户与境外账户、区外境内账户分离开来,分账核算,保证自贸区内与境外资金流动自由,但对区内与境内的资金流动加以渗透限制,在离岸金融市场发展上创新性地采用分离渗透模式,实现双向互通与有限渗透。该体系是上海自贸区人民币跨境使用、利率市场化、人民币资本项目自由兑换1、人民币双向资金池等业务得以落地之基础与实践载体,是上海自贸区金融创新最为核心的举措,是根据上海自贸区实体经济发展需求,为防范风险而设立的特殊的账户核算体系。本文旨在对设立分账核算体系这一金融改革创新举措进行法律界定,归纳其“分账核算、标识分设;离岸自由,双向互通;区内外(境内)有限渗透”之特征,明确其“标识分设、分账核算、独立出表、专项报告、自求平衡”之运作原理的基础上,探讨其具备之现实价值,即该体系是推进自贸区金融创新业务落地之基础载体,通过形成电子围网式金融环境,强化风险控制,有效助力自贸区金融机构离岸、在岸、自贸区业务“三位一体”协调发展,具有重要的实践价值。分账核算业务的开展为自贸区企业开展跨境业务提供了极大便利,借助FT账户,国内企业逐渐摆脱传统的外汇管制、人民币跨境使用及境内外资金池资金流通等限制,灵活利用境内外市场的不同优势,采用最合适的融资方案以满足业务发展需求。瑞垦跨境并购案、外高桥集团跨境融资案、德尔福中国资金管理案均说明了分账核算体系为企业发展境外市场业务、跨境投融资汇兑及满足实体经济所需的贸易结算开辟了通道,提供了有效路径。此外,笔者创新性地对分账核算体系实际操作过程中遇到的人民币自由兑换业务范围不明确、渗透型通道资金流通业务范围界定不明、区内个人居民参与资本市场活动程度低、分账核算体系的推广价值存在质疑等问题加以梳理;对分账核算体系存在之资本项目放开引发的热钱风险、洗钱及恐怖融资风险、以“构造贸易”为掩护的资金套利等风险加以归纳,提出严格规范账户的开立和适用管理,强化并细化多元主体监管,实现区内外多元主体同步有效监管,建立互通有无的国际协调机制,反洗钱、反恐怖融资,着手构建分账核算相关法律体系等风险应对建议,并对其发展前景做出展望,以期能够促进分账核算体系切实发挥该制度促进投资贸易自由化、便利跨境投融资汇兑及风险可控等价值。
[Abstract]:China (Shanghai) free trade test area is a major measure for the Party Central Committee to promote reform and opening up under the new situation. It is the experimental area of deepening the reform and perfecting the transformation of the government functions, that is, the experimental area of the simplified administration. It is an experimental area to adapt to the changes of the global economic situation and create a flat competitive market environment for domestic and foreign investors, that is, the test of financial internationalization. It is an experimental area that accumulates and can be replicated and can be popularized. It is an experimental area for the liberalization of investment and trade. It holds the development principle of "first trial, risk controllable, step by step, and gradually perfected", and "first line", macro Prudential Management, "second line", limited penetration of innovative regulatory services, and the people's Bank of China in its In the opinion of financial support for China (Shanghai) free trade test area construction, it is innovative to set up a system of accounts accounting as the carrier for the implementation of various financial measures, with the Prudential prudence with the detailed rules for the implementation of the separate accounts accounting business of the China (Shanghai) free trade test and the free trade test in China (Shanghai). The account accounting system refers to the establishment of an independent financial account management system, the establishment of a free trade account management system, the operation process of the free trade account, the allocation of funds from the open account to the funds, and the unification of the accounts of various links to ensure the integrity of the account system of the free trade account. The establishment of the special account system in the Shanghai free trade area is the key part of the financial reform in the free trade area. It is an important system for exploring investment and financing exchange convenience, expanding the opening of the financial market and preventing financial risks. The free trade account is opened under the account accounting system. It is a systematic project linked with the policies of the various free trade zones. This account system will separate the free trade accounts from the overseas accounts, the accounts outside the region, and separate accounts from the outside accounts, and ensure the flow of funds within the free trade area and abroad, but to infiltrate the flow of funds within and within the territory. In the development of offshore financial market, the separation infiltration model is innovatively adopted to achieve two-way interoperability and limited penetration. This system is the Shanghai free trade area, the RMB cross-border use, the interest rate market, the RMB capital account free exchange of 1, the RMB two-way capital pool and other businesses to be ground and Practice carrier, is the Shanghai Free Trade Zone gold The most important measure of financial innovation is the special account accounting system set up in accordance with the development demand of the real economy in the Shanghai free trade area. This paper aims to define the financial reform and innovation measures of the establishment of the accounts accounting system, and sum up its "ledger accounting, identification division, offshore freedom, two-way interoperability; and the region and abroad." On the basis of the operating principle of "identification division, ledger accounting, independent statement, special report, and self balancing", the practical value of the limited penetration is discussed. The system is the basic carrier to advance the financial innovation business in the free trade area, and strengthen the risk control through the formation of the electronic Seine financial environment. The "Trinity" of the effective FTA financial institutions has an important practical value for the development of the "Trinity" in the bank and the free trade area, which provides great convenience for the business of the free trade zone to carry out cross-border business. With the help of the FT account, domestic enterprises gradually get rid of the traditional foreign exchange control, the cross-border use of RMB and the territory of China Foreign capital pool funds circulation and other restrictions, flexible use of the different advantages of domestic and foreign markets, the use of the most appropriate financing plans to meet the needs of business development. Remittance and meeting the trade settlement required by the real economy opened up a channel and provided an effective path. In addition, the author is not clear about the scope of RMB free exchange business encountered in the actual operation of the accounting system, the scope bound of the permeable channel funds circulation business is unknown, and the individual residents in the region participate in the capital market activities. Low degree, the extension value of the ledger accounting system is questioned, and other problems are combed. The risk of hot money, money laundering and terrorist financing caused by the release of capital account in the account accounting system, and the risk of capital arbitrage, such as "structural trade" as the cover, are summed up, and the opening and application of strict standard accounts are proposed and strengthened. And refine the multi subject supervision, realize the synchronization and effective supervision of multiple subjects inside and outside the region, establish the international coordination mechanism of mutual benefit, anti money laundering, anti terrorist financing, and set about building the relevant legal system of ledger accounting, and look forward to its development prospect so as to promote the system to promote the system to promote the system to promote the system. We should invest in trade liberalization, facilitate cross border investment and financing and risk control.

【学位授予单位】：华东政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D922.28

【参考文献】