论保险合同中的“自杀条款”

发布时间：2018-06-11 23:53

本文选题：自杀条款 + 免责期间　；参考：《哈尔滨商业大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：在《保险法》(2002年)的基础上,《保险法》第四十四条之规定由"保险人定夺权"立法例向"设定时间限制"立法例转变,实现了重大突破,但仍有改进的空间。当前世界各国立法中的规定有"自杀"和"故意自杀"两种,但我国在立法中未对"自杀"以明确定义。我国《保险法》第四十四条规定的"被保险人自杀",采用的是自杀模式,应当在法律或相关的司法解释中明确,"自杀是被保险人为追求自己的死亡结果而故意实施的积极或消极的行为,且被保险人对该行为、结果具有认识和控制能力。"未规定保险人是否应当对免责期满后被保险人的自杀承担责任,实务中,若保险人在其提供的格式条款中规定保险人对免责期满后被保险人的自杀免责,并不违反法律的强制性规定,但损害了受益人的利益,若保险合同中并未涉及该项内容,则易引起纠纷,应该从保护被保险人家属或受益人的角度,明确规定保险人应当对免责期满后被保险人的自杀承担责任。未对两年免责期间的设置提供理论依据,并无任何研究表明,被保险人在保险合同生效后两年内自杀骗保的可能性高于两年后,应该从心理学的角度,分析自杀意念自产生至消退的期间,为两年期间的设置提供科学依据。自杀条款设置的目的是防范道德危险,但两年期间的设置仅是推断被保险人在合同生效两年内自杀的目的是骗保,是对防范道德风险与保障受益人利益的一种妥协,应当在四十四条中增加"有证据证明被保险人在免责期内并非为了骗保而自杀的,保险人应当给付保险金"以及"有证据证明被保险人是为了骗保而自杀的,保险人免除赔偿责任"的条款。在特殊人群的除外适用上,将民事行为能力简单地套用在自杀条款除外适用对象范畴上,应该追溯法条之本意,真正把握"自杀"涵义的四要件,着重考察被保险人自杀时是否具有完全的意思能力,以被保险人对自杀行为的认识和控制能力为标准,在《保险法》第四十四条中规定"被保险人自杀时为十四周岁以下的未成年人以及不能自由决定其意志的人除外。"增加了保险合同复效的规定,但对复效后的免责期间一律重新计算,应就复效后保险合同的性质在理论上与立法上统一,基于公平原则,根据保险合同中止前保险合同成立的时间予以区别对待,若保险合同成立时间超过两年,可将复效后的免责期设置为一年;若保险合同成立的时间未超过两年,则可将复效后的免责期设置为两年。《民法总则》中确认了对无民事行为能力人和限制民事行为能力人监护人的监督制度,减少了监护人通过教唆未成年人自杀获取保险金的可能性,更利于保护无民事行为能力人和限制民事行为能力人的权益。但自杀条款在适用上存在问题不仅和其制度本身有关,还因无完整的死因确认程序以及无民事行为能力人的登记制度以配合。应当考虑设立死因裁判庭,对死因存在争议的公民死亡案件,由专门的法官根据事实和证据作出认定。对无民事行为能力人和限制行为能力人,除由法院进行宣告外,应当由民政部门或公安机关进行登记备案,作为保险合同纠纷中法官认定被保险人自杀时是否为无民事行为能力人的依据。
[Abstract]:On the basis of the insurance law (2002), the forty-fourth article of the insurance law has changed from "the insurer to the right to seize power" to the "set time limit" legislation. It has achieved a major breakthrough, but there is still room for improvement. In the current legislation of the world, there are two kinds of "suicide" and "suicidal suicide" in the legislation of the world, but our country does not take "suicide" in legislation. Clearly defined. The "insured person suicide" in the forty-fourth article of China's Insurance Law adopts the mode of suicide, which should be clearly defined in the law or in the relevant judicial interpretation. "Suicide is an active or negative act committed by the insured to pursue the result of his own death, and the insured's understanding and control of the act." "Ability." does not specify whether the insurer should be responsible for the suicide of the insured after the expiry of the disclaimer. In practice, if the insurer stipulates in the form clause provided by the insurer that the insurer is exempt from the liability of the insured after the expiry of the disclaimer, it does not violate the mandatory provisions of the law, but damages the benefit of the beneficiary, if the insurance contract does not involve it. It is easy to cause disputes. From the angle of protecting the dependents or beneficiaries of the insured, it is clear that the insurer should be responsible for the suicide of the insured after the expiry of the disclaimer. No theoretical basis is provided for the setting of the disclaimer for two years, and no research shows that the insured committed suicide within two years after the insurance contract came into force. The possibility of fraud should be more than two years later. It should be analyzed from the psychological point of view to provide a scientific basis for the period of two years. The purpose of the suicide clause is to prevent moral hazard, but the setting of the two years is only to deduce that the purpose of the insurant to commit suicide within two years of the contract is a fraud. It is a compromise to prevent moral hazard and protect the benefit of beneficiaries. It should be added to the forty-four article that "evidence proves that the insured is not committed to suicidal in the period of disclaimer, the insurer should pay the insurance" and the clause "the insurer is exempt from the liability for the sake of the insured." On the exception of the special crowd, it is necessary to simply apply the capacity of civil behavior to the object category except the suicidal clause. It should be traced back to the original meaning of the law and truly grasp the four elements of the meaning of "suicide". As a standard, the forty-fourth article of the insurance law stipulates that "the minors under fourteen years of age when the insured is committed suicide and those who are not free to decide their will." the provisions of the insurance contract are increased, but the period of disclaimer after the complex effect is recalculated. The nature of the insurance contract should be theoretically and legislated on the nature of the insurance contract after the complex effect. On the basis of the principle of equality, based on the principle of fairness, the time of the insurance contract before the insurance contract is suspended is treated differently. If the insurance contract is established for more than two years, the period of disclaimer after the recovery can be set to one year. If the time of establishment of the insurance contract is not more than two years, the period of disclaimer after the resumption of the insurance contract will be set to two years. The supervision system of the person who has no capacity for civil conduct and the guardian of the person with limited capacity for civil conduct has been recognized, which reduces the possibility that the guardians get the insurance money by instigating suicide by instigating minors, and is more conducive to the protection of the rights and interests of those who have no capacity for civil conduct and those who restrict the capacity of civil conduct. The degree itself is related to the absence of a complete cause of death confirmation procedure and the registration system for persons with no capacity for civil conduct. It should be considered to consider the establishment of a judicial tribunal for the cause of death, to identify cases of civil death in dispute over the cause of death, by the special judges in accordance with the facts and evidence. In addition, the civil affairs department or public security organ shall register and record the court as a basis for the judge to determine whether the insured is not a person of civil conduct when the judge finds the insured to commit suicide.
【学位授予单位】：哈尔滨商业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D922.284

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