我国大规模侵权责任保险制度构建论

发布时间：2018-07-04 20:46

本文选题：大规模侵权 + 侵权责任　；参考：《吉林大学》2016年博士论文

【摘要】：随着人类社会的工业化不断的向前推进,我们在享受科技进步、社会文明的同时,也置身于风险社会的处处威胁之中。在食品安全、产品责任、证券欺诈、环境污染、安全责任等领域频繁发生大规模侵权事件,造成了广大人民群众人身上的损害、财产上的损失,影响了正常经济秩序的运转,若处理不当,甚至会造成社会的动荡,进而威胁我们共同生活的安全。大规模侵权行为因具有受害人多数性、损害事由同质性、因果关系复杂性、损害赔偿困难性等特质,使得传统的“一对一”侵权损害赔偿无力满足大规模侵权损害的救济。而责任保险作为有效化解大规模侵权的责任风险、补偿巨额损失的核心机制,如何设计制度架构以促进其最大限度的发挥积极作用是理论界和实务界面临的重大课题。以法律视角切入,有必要从理论基础到制度构建对大规模侵权责任保险制度进行系统化的研究。尤其是在我国的责任保险市场起步较晚、责任保险的各险种发展较缓慢的现实背景下,更需要我们在理论上对大规模侵权责任保险制度的建构提供充分的理论依据及全面的制度剖析。本文就大规模侵权责任保险制度的理论基础、制度建构的必要性、可行性解析、域外经验的考察及我国大规模侵权责任保险制度的规则设计等问题进行了全面的研究。就大规模侵权责任保险的基础理论而言。“大规模侵权”最早由西方学者提出,我国学者将其引进后并未达成共识,为制度构建的需要,本文首先将大规模侵权行为的内涵界定为由单一或多个侵权人基于同一个或多个同质的事由,造成人数众多的受害者数额巨大的人身上的损害、财产上的损失或同时造成以上人身和财产的损害,并予以特殊救济的民事不法行为。并根据这一内涵的界定,对大规模侵权的特征加以厘清,并根据这些特征将近年来频繁发生在食品药品责任领域、大规模环境污染领域、高度危险作业领域以及证券欺诈领域损害事故加以类型化。并以大规模侵权责任风险管理为视角,对大规模侵权责任保险作出认定,指出大规模侵权责任保险有助于分散大规模侵权引起的责任风险,维护受害人合法权益、降低社会成本,分担政府责任、实现法的安全、效率的价值等价值取向。就大规模侵权责任保险构建的现实基础而言。大规模侵权有别于一般侵权行为的特殊性,使得传统的民事责任承担无法满足对受害者的损害救济,若单纯依靠民事诉讼程序,应对当前的大规模侵权纠纷,在我国当前的法律制度框架体系下,采取单一主体、单个立案的方式,会造成司法资源的浪费,亦难以实现救济受害人的目的;而行政救济往往是由政府财政独揽,承担主要的赔付责任,这可能会引起社会公众的不满而引发新的社会问题,从而遭受质疑;在国外曾发挥积极作用的基金赔偿模式也因基金的发起、基金财产的来源及管理运作等问题的存在也影响损害赔偿基金的适用。相应救济措施存在的缺陷为责任保险这一社会化赔偿手段运用到大规模侵权提供了可能性和必要性的要求。必要性主要体现在因应大规模侵权救济的需求,补偿巨额损害;实现分配正义的需要,保障受害人的权益;实现法的安全、效率的价值;促进经济的发展,保持社会的稳定的需要。但有发展的必要性并不必然就具有建构的可行性,通过对传统保险可保性的分析,指出大规模侵权责任保险通过可保性的扩张,契合我国保险业发展的方向、基本的法律环境已经初步形成规模,政府积极的政策引导,大规模侵权责任保险制度的构建是完全必要而且可行的。就大规模侵权责任保险制度的域外考察而言。西方各主要发达国家保险业发展的历史较为悠久,在责任保险领域积累了丰富的理论和实践的经验。本文基于西方国家大规模侵权发生的不同领域适用的法律规范内容及相应的制度设计现状,对大规模侵权责任保险发展的法律环境的经验加以借鉴,无过失责任的确立,运用因果关系推定等制度的增设,增加了潜在侵权人的风险,风险的增加必然使保险的需求扩张,从而使责任保险的发展成为必然,积极的政策引导也为责任保险的发展保驾护航。就我国大规模侵权责任保险制度建构而言。本文主要以大规模侵权责任保险建构的外部环境的总体框架及具体规则的设计为线索,有步骤地建构我国的大规模侵权责任保险制度。总体框架主要包括法律法规体系、政策保障体系、技术支撑体系及能力建设平台四个方面,并在总体框架下建立健全相应的制度建设,为大规模侵权责任保险的发展创造良好的外部环境。具体的制度设计主要包括以强制责任保险为中心的保险模式;为合理利用现有资源,本文主张以政府指导下的商业保险公司为主要的经营主体,共保联营组织加以配合;对侵权人无过失甚至一定条件的重大过失的侵权行为进行承保,并将人身伤害、财产损失及精神损害均列为保险赔付的范围,并列出除外责任以减轻保险公司经营的风险;同时对限额赔偿与免陪额、保险费率的厘定、期内索赔的保险方式、再保险分散风险等规则进行设计。
[Abstract]:With the continuous advancement of the industrialization of human society, we are also in the risk society at the same time as we enjoy scientific and technological progress and social civilization. In the fields of food safety, product liability, securities fraud, environmental pollution, safety responsibility and other areas, large scale torts have occurred frequently, which have caused the people of the masses. The damage and the loss of property affect the operation of the normal economic order. If it is not handled properly, it may even cause social turbulence and threaten the security of our common life. The mass torts have the characteristics of the majority of the victims, the damage cause of the same quality, the complexity of the causality, the damage to the compensation difficulty and so on, which makes the traditional "one pair" One "tort damage compensation can not meet the relief of large-scale tort damage. Liability insurance, as the core mechanism of effectively resolving the liability risk of large-scale tort and compensating for huge losses, how to design institutional framework to promote its maximum exertion is a major issue in the theoretical and practical circles. It is necessary to systematically study the system of large-scale tort liability insurance from the theoretical basis to the system, especially in the late start of the liability insurance market in China, and the slow development of various kinds of insurance in the liability insurance, which requires us to provide the full construction of the large scale tort liability insurance system in theory. In this paper, the theoretical basis of the large-scale tort liability insurance system, the necessity of the system construction, the analysis of the feasibility, the inspection of the extraterritorial experience and the rules design of the large-scale tort liability insurance system in China are studied in this paper. The basic theory of the large-scale tort liability insurance is made. "Large-scale tort" was first proposed by western scholars, and the Chinese scholars have not reached a consensus after introducing it. In order to build the system, this article first defines the connotation of large-scale tort as a single or multiple tortfeasor based on the same or multiple homogeneity, resulting in a large number of people with huge numbers of victims. The damage, the loss of property or the damage to the person and property at the same time, and the civil wrongful act of giving special relief. According to the definition of this connotation, the characteristics of the large-scale tort are clarified, and according to these characteristics, it will occur frequently in the field of food and drug responsibility in recent years, in the field of large-scale environmental pollution and high risk. In the field of dangerous work and the types of damage accidents in the field of securities fraud, and taking the risk management of large-scale tort liability as the perspective, the large-scale tort liability insurance is identified. It is pointed out that the large-scale tort liability insurance can help to disperse the liability risk caused by large-scale tort, protect the legal rights and interests of the victims, reduce the social cost and share it. The government's responsibility, the realization of the security of law, the value of the value of efficiency, and so on. As far as the realistic foundation of the construction of mass tort liability insurance is concerned, the mass tort is different from the special nature of the general tort, which makes the traditional civil liability cannot satisfy the victims' damage relief, and should only rely on the civil procedure to deal with the current The large-scale tort disputes, under the current legal system framework of our country, take a single subject and a single case, which will cause the waste of judicial resources, and it is difficult to achieve the purpose of relief victims; and the administrative relief is often carried out by the government finance to bear the main compensation liability, which may cause the public dissatisfaction and lead to the dissatisfaction New social problems have been questioned, and the fund compensation model, which has played an active role in foreign countries, has also been initiated by the fund, and the existence of the source and management of the fund property also affects the application of the damage compensation fund. The defects in the corresponding relief measures are applied to the large scale of the social compensation means of liability insurance. The infringement provides the requirement of possibility and necessity. The necessity is mainly reflected in the demand for large-scale tort relief, the compensation of huge damage, the need for the realization of the justice of distribution, the protection of the rights and interests of the victims, the safety of the law, the value of efficiency, the promotion of the economic development and the stability of the society. But the necessity of development is not necessary. According to the analysis of the insurable nature of traditional insurance, it is pointed out that the insurance of large-scale tort liability insurance is in the direction of the development of China's insurance industry through the expansion of insurable nature, the basic legal environment has already formed a preliminary scale, the government is actively guiding the policy, and the construction of the system of large-scale tort liability insurance is absolutely necessary. In terms of the extraterritorial investigation of the large-scale tort liability insurance system, the history of the insurance industry in the major western developed countries has a long history, and has accumulated rich theoretical and practical experience in the field of liability insurance. This article is based on the applicable legal norms and phases of the different fields of large-scale tort in western countries. The present situation of the system design should be used to learn from the experience of the legal environment of the development of large-scale tort liability insurance, the establishment of no fault liability and the increase of the risk of the potential tortfeasor. The increase of the risk will inevitably expand the demand for the insurance, thus making the development of the liability insurance inevitable and positive. The policy guidance also escorts the development of the liability insurance. In terms of the construction of the large-scale tort liability insurance system in China. This article is mainly based on the overall framework of the external environment and the design of the specific rules for the construction of the large-scale tort liability insurance. It includes four aspects: the legal system, the policy guarantee system, the technical support system and the capacity building platform, and set up and perfect the corresponding system construction under the overall framework to create a good external environment for the development of the large-scale tort liability insurance. In order to make rational use of the existing resources, this article advocates that the Business insurance company under the guidance of the government should be the main business subject, and jointly guarantee the joint venture, and undertakes to undercover the infringement of the gross negligence without negligence and even certain conditions, and the injury, loss of property and mental damage are listed as the scope of insurance compensation. The exclusions are listed to reduce the risk of the insurance company's operation; at the same time, the rules of the limit compensation and the exemption, the rate of insurance, the insurance mode of the claim, the risk of the reinsurance, and so on are designed.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：D922.284;D923

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