新型农村金融机构监管法律问题研究

发布时间：2018-08-15 15:48

【摘要】：由于传统正规金融机构不愿为风险大、融资规模小、季节性强的农村地区农户及中小企业融资,新型农村金融机构应运而生。新型农村金融机构作为构建多层次农村金融市场的重要组成部分,在实践中为农户及农村中小企业提供了较为便捷和多样化的金融服务。基于风险抑制和市场稳定因素,对新型农村金融机构的监管必不可少。并且随着新型农村金融机构的不断设立,农村金融供给主体不足的矛盾得以缓解,农村金融监管滞后的矛盾越来越突出。当前的监管制度由于更多的照搬城市商业银行的监管模式,没有针对新型农村金融机构的特殊性进行监管,出现了在宏观上把握不到位、微观上干涉过多的局面,以至新型农村金融机构在发展中面临许多问题。解决新型农村金融机构监管问题必须从设立新型农村金融机构的目标出发,以目标为导向,探索新型农村金融机构监管制度设计。新型农村金融机构设立的首要目标是满足农村弱势群体的融资需求,即支农性目标。由于农民和农村中小企业融资规模小、依赖自然农业经济风险较高、抵押担保物缺乏等原因,传统农村金融机构不愿为此类主体提供融资。新型农村金融机构正是为满足此类群体的融资需求而设。然而新型农村金融机构仅作为支农扶贫的机构是难以得到长足发展的,必须使新型农村金融机构在支农的同时获得营利的状态,从而得以可持续发展,即新型农村金融机构还要达到营利性目标。这两个设立目标对监管提出了独特的要求,支农性目标要求监管严控新型农村金融机构的“支农”服务,防止其“脱农入城”,同时由于许多地区尚未有金融机构存在,实现支农目的还需放宽市场准入;营利性目标要求监管应为新型农村金融机构的可持续发展提供保障,如在利率政策上的照顾、财税政策上的支持、相关风险管控制度上的完善等。然而探究当前监管制度,在许多方面都抑制了新型农村金融机构的支农性和营利性。例如支农性评价体系不完善,支农性监管制度不到位,市场准入制度限制等,对营利性的抑制表现在后续资金来源限制不合理、竞争力保障措施缺乏等。当前的监管还存在监管主体制度不完善、风险监管措施缺乏问题。因此完善新型农村金融机构监管制度必须以支农性和营利性目标作为出发点,即树立保障新型农村金融机构支农性和营利性目标的监管原则,从构建支农性评价体系和激励机制、放宽市场准入及后续资金来源限制、增加竞争力保障机制、完善监管主体制度、完善风险监管措施等具体制度设计方面促进新型农村金融机构的可持续发展。本文立足于新型农村金融机构监管实际,选取多个实例进行分析,并结合权威数据统计及专家论著,通过以目标为导向的监管现状分析对新型农村金融机构的监管制度设计提出建议。
[Abstract]:Because traditional formal financial institutions are unwilling to finance farmers and SMEs in rural areas with large risks, small financing scale and strong seasonality, new rural financial institutions emerge as the times require. As an important part of multi-level rural financial market, new rural financial institutions provide convenient and diversified financial services for farmers and small and medium-sized rural enterprises in practice. Based on risk suppression and market stability, the supervision of new rural financial institutions is essential. With the continuous establishment of new rural financial institutions, the contradiction of insufficient main body of rural financial supply can be alleviated, and the contradiction of rural financial supervision lagging behind is becoming more and more prominent. Because the current supervision system is more copying the supervision mode of the city commercial banks, it does not supervise the particularity of the new rural financial institutions, so there is a situation that the macro-control is not in place and the microcosmic interference is excessive. Even new rural financial institutions are facing many problems in their development. To solve the problem of supervision of new-type rural financial institutions, we must proceed from the goal of setting up new rural financial institutions, take the goal as the orientation, and explore the design of the supervision system of the new rural financial institutions. The primary goal of the establishment of new rural financial institutions is to meet the financing needs of the rural vulnerable groups, that is, to support agriculture. Because of the small scale of farmers and small and medium-sized enterprises in rural areas, the high economic risk of relying on natural agriculture and the lack of collateral, traditional rural financial institutions are unwilling to provide financing for such subjects. New rural financial institutions are designed to meet the financing needs of such groups. However, it is difficult for the new-type rural financial institutions to develop rapidly only as the institutions supporting agriculture and poverty alleviation. It is necessary to make the new-type rural financial institutions obtain profits while supporting agriculture, so as to achieve sustainable development. That is, the new rural financial institutions to achieve the goal of profitability. These two goals put forward unique requirements for supervision. The objective of supporting agriculture requires strict supervision and control of the "agricultural support" services of new rural financial institutions to prevent them from "leaving agriculture and entering the city". At the same time, since there are no financial institutions in many areas, In order to achieve the purpose of supporting agriculture, market access should also be relaxed; the profit-making objective requires that regulation should provide protection for the sustainable development of new rural financial institutions, such as interest rate policy care, fiscal policy support, The improvement of risk control system. However, exploring the current supervision system has restrained the agricultural support and profitability of the new rural financial institutions in many aspects. For example, the evaluation system of supporting agriculture is not perfect, the supervision system of supporting agriculture is not in place, the restriction of market access system and so on. At present, the supervision system is not perfect and the risk supervision measures are lacking. Therefore, in order to perfect the supervision system of new rural financial institutions, we must take the aim of supporting agriculture and profit as the starting point, that is, to establish the principle of supervision to guarantee the objectives of supporting agriculture and making profits of new rural financial institutions. From the aspects of establishing the evaluation system and incentive mechanism of supporting agriculture, relaxing the restrictions on market access and subsequent sources of funds, increasing the guarantee mechanism of competitiveness, and perfecting the system of the main body of supervision, Improve the risk supervision measures and other specific institutional design to promote the sustainable development of new rural financial institutions. Based on the supervision practice of new rural financial institutions, this paper selects many examples to analyze, and combines authoritative data statistics and expert works. Based on the analysis of the current situation of the target-oriented supervision, the paper puts forward some suggestions on the design of the new rural financial institutions' supervision system.
【学位授予单位】：西南政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D922.28

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