保险合同免责条款说明义务研究

发布时间：2018-11-21 12:56

【摘要】：保险合同因保险人将涉及投保人与保险人之间权利义务的条款预先拟定,而具有典型的格式性。对于投保人而言,除了选择接受,只能放弃交易,并没有变更条款内容的可能性。这样虽然节约了交易成本,提高了商事交易的高效性与便捷性。但是,也正是如此,保险人往往利用其优势地位,在格式合同中引入诸多免责条款,对某些潜在风险进行不合理的分配,以免除或限制自身的责任。加之,保险人对免责条款不作具体说明,甚至在合同签订当时不作必要的提示,导致保险人和投保人之间存在着严重的信息的不对称性。投保人往往在并不清楚合同具体条款的情况下签合同,作出不真实的意思表示。在事后理赔的过程中更是困难重重。所以,为了实现社会主义法治体系下的契约自由与契约正义,保护投保人、被保险人或受益人的合法利益,我们亟需深入研究保险合同免责条款说明义务这一课题。文章共由三部分组成:引言、正文和结论。引言部分交代选题背景、研究内容以及研究路径等。正文又分为五章,是按照提出问题、分析问题和解决问题的逻辑顺序展开论述。结论针对全文提出的问题、分析的问题以及解决路径进行综合总结。正文五个部分对保险合同免责条款说明义务进行分析,主要内容如下:第一章,保险合同免责条款的概述。这一部分主要针对免责条款进行介绍。包括免责条款的定义、作用、特征、分类等。第二章,保险合同免责条款的说明义务的法律原理。包括最大诚信原则、附和契约原理、公平原则、信息不对称原则等。第三章,保险合同免责条款说明义务的法律规定。介绍国内外立法、判例以及学术界的主要观点,结合我国实践情况,阐述关于免责条款说明义务的认定标准及其规定,包括说明义务的主体、对象、说明内容、履行方式以及违反说明义务的法律后果等。第四章,我国司法实践中免责条款说明义务存在的问题。经过对相似案例的分析对比,我国司法实践领域以下几种问题尤为突出:法律规定不够具体和系统、规范性法律文件相互冲突、说明义务难以举证、说明的程度难以确定、说明义务的范围不够明确、说明义务的履行标准争议较大等。第五章,保险合同免责条款说明义务的立法完善建议。文章提出对提示与明确说明义务进行完善,对于违法行为说明义务进行完善,确立冷静观察期制度,限制适用疑义利益解释规则等。文章首先对保险合同的免责条款说明义务进行理论上的分析和研究,并结合我国保险行业的实践状况,进一步分析当前存在的问题,对比并借鉴其他发达国家和地区的先进经验,找出符合我国保险法发展现状及进程的有效对策,进而提出规范和完善相关制度的合理建议,以使我国保险法中保险合同免责条款的说明义务理论研究和实践应用更加完善和成熟。
[Abstract]:The insurance contract has a typical form because the insurer will involve the terms of the rights and obligations between the insured and the insurer. For the insured, apart from the option to accept, can only abandon the transaction, and there is no possibility to change the terms. In this way, it saves transaction cost and improves the efficiency and convenience of commercial transaction. However, it is also true that insurers often take advantage of their advantageous position to introduce a lot of exemption clauses in the format contract, and to distribute some potential risks unreasonably in order to avoid or limit their own liability. In addition, the insurer does not specify the exemption clause, even at the time when the contract is signed without the necessary prompt, leading to the existence of serious information asymmetry between the insurer and the policyholder. Policy-holders often do not know the specific terms of the contract to sign the contract, making false will. It is even more difficult to settle claims afterwards. Therefore, in order to realize the freedom and justice of contract under the socialist legal system, and to protect the legitimate interests of the insured, insured or beneficiary, it is urgent for us to deeply study the topic of explaining the obligation under the exemption clause of insurance contract. The article consists of three parts: introduction, text and conclusion. The introduction explains the background, research content and research path of the topic. The text is divided into five chapters, according to the logical sequence of problem raising, problem analysis and problem solving. Conclusion for the full text of the problem, analysis of the problems and solutions to a comprehensive summary. The main contents are as follows: chapter one, the summary of exemption clauses in insurance contract. This part mainly introduces the exemption clause. Including the exemption clause definition, function, characteristics, classification and so on. The second chapter, the legal principle of explaining the obligation of exemption clause in insurance contract. It includes the principle of maximum good faith, the principle of appended contract, the principle of fairness, the principle of information asymmetry and so on. Chapter three, the legal provisions of the exemption clause of insurance contract. This paper introduces the domestic and foreign legislation, the case law and the main viewpoints of the academic circles, combined with the practice of our country, expounds the cognizance standard and the stipulation of the explanation obligation of the exemption clause, including the subject, the object and the content of the explanation. The mode of performance and the legal consequences of breach of the obligation of explanation, etc. The fourth chapter, our country judicial practice in the exoneration clause explanation duty existence question. Through the analysis and comparison of similar cases, the following problems are particularly prominent in the field of judicial practice in China: the legal provisions are not specific and systematic, the normative legal documents conflict with each other, the burden of explanation is difficult to prove, and the degree of explanation is difficult to determine. The scope of the obligation is not clear enough, and the standard of performance of the obligation is controversial. The fifth chapter, the insurance contract exemption clause explains the duty the legislation consummation suggestion. The article puts forward to perfect the obligation of prompt and clear explanation, perfect the obligation to explain illegal acts, establish the system of calm observation period, limit the application of the rules of interpretation of doubtful interests, and so on. Firstly, the article makes a theoretical analysis and research on the obligation to explain the exemption clause of the insurance contract, and further analyzes the existing problems according to the practical situation of the insurance industry in our country. By comparing and drawing lessons from the advanced experiences of other developed countries and regions, this paper finds out the effective countermeasures which accord with the current situation and process of the development of insurance law in China, and then puts forward reasonable suggestions for standardizing and perfecting the relevant systems. In order to make our country insurance law insurance contract exemption clause explanation obligation theory research and practice application more perfect and mature.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D922.284

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