海上拖航合同当事人的损害赔偿责任研究

发布时间：2019-02-19 21:41

【摘要】：海上拖航是指以拖带形式实现被拖物物理上的位置移动,虽以缆绳连接拖带船舶或其他物体的形式很早就出现在其他海上作业,如海难救助之中,但海上拖航真正作为一项独立的作业出现却很晚,因此产生了一系列的问题:对拖航作业的独立性认识尚不明确;调整海上拖航法律关系的国际条约、国内法律尚不完备、健全;拖航合同缔结自由与责任分配公平性之间的冲突等。本文根据国外有关海上拖航的判例以及中国针对海上拖航合同的立法,分四个部分从以下方面进行论述分析:第一部分通过分析海上拖航与海上货物运输、海上拖航与海难救助拖带的联系与差异,论证了海上拖航的独立性并明确了海上拖航合同的归属范畴及法律适用;第二部分论述了责任主体、责任范围,重点分析了责任产生的前提,即拖航合同当事人的义务,且主要分析了当事人的适拖义务,包括适拖义务的内容、性质,并着力探讨了对适拖义务时间范围的明确界定以适当延长承拖方的责任期间,缩短承拖方享有法定的或合同约定的免除责任的期间;第三部分论述了确定责任承担的归责原则以及中国法律下当事人损害赔偿责任的分配;第四部分在第三部分的基础上探求国外指挥原则与过错责任原则相结合以明确当事人责任的可能,既起到了对指挥原则完善发展的作用,又解决了过错责任原则适用时大量存在的受损方证明对方具有过错困难的现状。另外,本文在第四部分中重点分析了各国以及拖航公司对于责任条款的态度、对条款约定自由的限制和公平性的界定,并提出在中国法律下利用显失公平制度对责任条款进行公平性界定以平衡当事人之间的权益。且上述对责任条款公平性的界定并非单纯的判断是否具有显失公平的结果,而要从造成显失公平的原因入手,即利用显失公平制度对责任条款进行考量的前提是对显失公平制度本身的细化与优化,以上皆在本文中予以详述。
[Abstract]:Towing at sea refers to the physical position movement of the towed object in the form of towing, although it appears very early in other marine operations, such as salvage at sea, in the form of a cable attached to a towed ship or other object. However, as an independent operation, towing at sea appears very late, so a series of problems arise: the independence of towing is not clear; The international treaty regulating the legal relationship of maritime towing is not perfect in domestic law, and the conflict between the freedom of conclusion of the towing contract and the fairness of the distribution of responsibility, etc. According to the foreign cases concerning maritime towing and the legislation of China on maritime towing contract, this paper is divided into four parts to discuss and analyze the following aspects: the first part is the analysis of maritime towing and maritime cargo transport. The connection and difference between the towing and salvage towing at sea demonstrates the independence of the towing at sea and clarifies the category of the tug contract and the application of the law. The second part discusses the main body of responsibility, the scope of responsibility, focuses on the premise of the emergence of liability, that is, the obligations of the parties to the towing contract, and mainly analyzes the appropriate towing obligations of the parties, including the content and nature of the towing obligations. It also discusses the clear definition of the time range of the suitable towing obligation to extend the period of responsibility of the dragowner and shorten the period during which the dragor enjoys the statutory or contractual exemption from liability; The third part discusses the imputation principle of determining liability and the distribution of damages liability of the parties under Chinese law; The fourth part, on the basis of the third part, explores the possibility of the combination of the foreign command principle and the fault liability principle to clarify the responsibility of the parties, which has played a role in the perfect development of the command principle. It also solves the present situation that a large number of damaged parties prove that the other party has the fault difficulty when the principle of fault liability is applied. In addition, in the fourth part, this paper focuses on the analysis of the attitude of various countries and towing companies to the liability clause, the definition of the limitation and fairness of the freedom of agreement. In order to balance the rights and interests of the parties, it is proposed to use the unfair system to define the fairness of the liability clause under the law of China. And the above definition of the fairness of the liability clause is not a simple judgment on whether there is an obvious unfair result, but from the causes of the obvious loss of fairness. That is to say, the premise of using explicit unfair system to consider the liability clause is to refine and optimize the explicit and unfair system itself, all of which are detailed in this paper.
【学位授予单位】：辽宁大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D922.294

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