交强险受害人直接请求权制度研究

发布时间：2019-04-22 10:38

【摘要】：机动车责任强制保险(以下简称“交强险”)作为法定责任保险,其保险目的是以保障机动车交通事故受害人利益为中心。目前,我国有关交强险立法主要有《道路交通安全法》、《保险法》、《交强险条例》、《最高人民法院关于道路交通损害赔偿司法解释》,但对交强险相关立法的分析可知,作为最核心、最直接、最有效地保障受害人利益的内容即交强险受害人直接请求权却没有规定,以及对受害人范围的界定等问题在司法实务中也存在争议,出现了同案不同判的矛盾判决,无形中增加了受害人的求偿难度。现今已充分具备了赋予受害人该权利的理论基础和现实条件:一方面,对侵权责任法归责原则的演变分析可知,侵权责任法逐步加大了对受害人的保护,以及如今责任保险的价值理念已转变为以保障受害人利益为中心,使受害人摆脱以往依附于被保险人才能获得赔偿的困境成为可能。在此过程中,合同相对性原则的突破也为其提供了理论支撑。另一方面,现今保险已扩张至各个领域,具有社会管理功能,已然成为人们社会生活的一部分。此外,域外国家和地区已有成功经验可供借鉴以及在诉讼中保险人对抗辩与和解的控制为其提供了现实条件。对于车上人员、被保险人、投保人、驾驶人以及被甩出车外的人员等特殊情况下能否转化成保险赔偿的受害人,应以保险法上的近因原则为其判断标准。保险人作为赔偿义务人,在不予赔偿之时,虽然认同《最高人民法院关于道路交通损害赔偿司法解释》第25条将其作为共同被告,但并不符合我国共同诉讼理论,由此,提出应引进“诉讼标的牵连性诉讼”加以完善。受害人在行使交强险受害人直接请求权时,应当符合一定的条件,如投保义务人需投保机动车责任强制保险、被保险人依侵权法之规定应承担民事侵权责任等条件。基于以上分析,就如何完善我国交强险直接请求权制度提出些许建议:一方面应全面遵守与贯彻交强险保护受害人利益的价值理念,并兼顾各方当事人的利益。另一方面应完善具体的制度,比如对现有交强险相关立法进行修改并赋予受害人交强险直接请求权,缩小保险责任范围以及确定该权利的诉讼时效。
[Abstract]:Motor vehicle liability compulsory insurance (hereinafter referred to as "compulsory insurance") as a statutory liability insurance, the purpose of its insurance is to protect the interests of motor vehicle traffic accident victims as the center. At present, there are mainly "Road Traffic Safety Law", "Insurance Law", "regulations on forced Traffic Insurance" and "Judicial interpretation of the Supreme people's Court on compensation for Road Traffic damage" in China. As the core, the most direct and the most effective protection of the victim's interests, that is, the direct claim right of the victim of forced risk, but there is no provision, and the definition of the scope of the victim is also controversial in the judicial practice, and so on. The contradictory judgment of different sentences in the same case has increased the difficulty of the victim's claim inconspicuously. At present, the theoretical basis and practical conditions for giving the victim this right have been fully possessed: on the one hand, the analysis of the evolution of the principle of liability imputation of tort law shows that the law of tort liability has gradually increased the protection of the victim. And now the value of liability insurance has been transformed to protect the interests of the victim as the center, so that the victim can get out of the plight of relying on the insured to obtain compensation. In this process, the breakthrough of the principle of relativity of contract also provides theoretical support. On the other hand, insurance has expanded to various fields, has the function of social management, has become a part of people's social life. In addition, the successful experiences of foreign countries and regions can be used for reference, and the insurer's control of defense and settlement in litigation provides realistic conditions for them. Under special circumstances such as on-board personnel, insured persons, policy-holders, drivers and people who have been dumped out of the car, whether they can be converted into victims of insurance compensation should be judged on the basis of the principle of near cause in the insurance law. When the insurer is not liable for compensation, he agrees that article 25 of the Supreme people's Court's Judicial interpretation of compensation for Road Traffic damage regards it as a joint defendant, but it is not in line with the theory of joint litigation in China. The author puts forward that "implicated litigation" should be introduced to perfect it. In exercising the direct claim right of the victim, the victim shall meet certain conditions, such as the compulsory insurance of motor vehicle liability by the obligor of insurance, and the civil tort liability of the insured according to the provisions of tort law. Based on the above analysis, this paper puts forward some suggestions on how to perfect the system of direct claim for compulsory insurance in China: on the one hand, we should fully abide by and implement the value concept of protecting the interests of the victims, and take into account the interests of all parties concerned. On the other hand, it is necessary to perfect the specific system, such as amending the existing relevant legislation and granting the victim the right of direct claim, narrowing the scope of insurance liability and determining the limitation of action for this right.
【学位授予单位】：湘潭大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D922.284

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