论DNA证据的司法认定

发布时间：2018-05-13 08:42

本文选题：DNA证据 + 采信　；参考：《南京师范大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：近年来,DNA证据被广泛应用于刑事案件的事实认定中,为案件侦破提供了极大的帮助,被誉为“证据之王”。从证据法的视角出发,若一份证据具有可采性,必须满足合法性、客观性、关联性等条件,而DNA证据作为科学证据的一种,在实践中易被认定为定案的关键证据,因而其被采信的标准应当比一般证据更为严苛,从DNA样本的采集、运送、保管、鉴定,到形成鉴定意见并被采信以说明案件事实,必须保证每个环节的准确无误。然而,DNA鉴定意见本身为概率性结果,且鉴定过程、证据认定均存在人为因素,使DNA证据并非不容置疑。反观我国司法实践,控辩双方甚至法官过度依赖DNA证据,存在质证不足、审查形式化倾向。故此,本文从理论和实践两个方面出发,系统分析了 DNA证据的审查认定程序,并尝试提出若干审查标准和制度建设方面的建议。第一部分是关于DNA证据司法认定的概述。主要从DNA证据的概念和属性入手,探究DNA证据的科学基础,分析其在刑事司法领域的独特证明价值和诉讼价值,并针对目前DNA证据司法认定现状,分析了加强DNA证据司法认定的必要性。第二部分是关于DNA证据司法认定的域外考察,主要包括英国、美国和德国DNA证据认定的规则和现状。除DNA证据立法概况外,本文还分别介绍了三国具有代表性的制度和规则,包括英国辩护方审前知情权和庭审中质证规则、美国DNA证据准入标准和专家证人制度、德国DNA样本采集程序和鉴定人约束规则等。第三部分是关于DNA证据审查认定的论述。列举了 DNA证据认识中的风险,说明DNA并非不可置疑的“铁证”,并从证据资格和证明力两方面对如何认定提出可行性建议。第四部分是关于完善DNA证据认定的程序构建。文章指出了当前DNA认定程序中存在的问题,有针对性地提出了应当逐步健全鉴定人出庭制度、专家辅助人制度。同时,应当完善交叉询问制度以实现双方的有效质证,保障DNA证据的真实性和可靠性。本文通过重构审查认定标准和完善相关程序,力图推动DNA证据审查实质化进程,帮助审判者科学认定DNA证据的证据效力和证明力,实现法庭的公正审判。
[Abstract]:In recent years, DNA evidence has been widely used in the fact determination of criminal cases, which provides a great help for the detection of cases and is known as the "king of evidence". From the point of view of evidence law, if a piece of evidence is admissible, it must satisfy the conditions of legality, objectivity, relevance and so on. As a kind of scientific evidence, DNA evidence is easy to be considered as the key evidence of decision in practice. Therefore, the standard of its acceptance should be more stringent than that of general evidence, from the collection, transportation, custody, identification of DNA samples to the formation of appraisal opinions and acceptance to explain the facts of the case, it is necessary to ensure the accuracy of each link. However, the opinion itself is a probabilistic result, and the identification process and evidence are determined by human factors, making the DNA evidence is not beyond doubt. On the contrary, in our judicial practice, the prosecution and defense parties and even the judges rely too much on DNA evidence, which leads to insufficient cross-examination and a tendency to examine the formalization. Therefore, this paper systematically analyzes the procedure of DNA evidence examination from two aspects of theory and practice, and tries to put forward some suggestions on the construction of review standard and system. The first part is about the summary of DNA evidence judicial confirmation. Starting with the concept and attribute of DNA evidence, this paper probes into the scientific basis of DNA evidence, analyzes its unique value of proof and litigation value in the field of criminal justice, and aims at the current situation of judicial cognizance of DNA evidence. The necessity of strengthening the judicial confirmation of DNA evidence is analyzed. The second part is about the DNA evidence judicial recognition of the extraterritorial investigation, mainly including the United Kingdom, the United States and Germany, the rules of DNA evidence and the status quo. In addition to the general situation of DNA evidence legislation, this paper also introduces the representative systems and rules of the three countries, including the right of the British defence to know before trial and the rules of cross-examination in court, the DNA evidence admission standard of the United States and the system of expert witnesses. German DNA sample collection program and authentication rules. The third part is about the DNA evidence review confirmation discussion. This paper enumerates the risks in the cognition of DNA evidence, explains that DNA is not an indisputable "ironproof", and puts forward some feasible suggestions on how to identify the evidence from two aspects: the qualification and the power of proof. The fourth part is about perfecting the procedure construction of DNA evidence confirmation. This paper points out the problems existing in the current procedure of DNA identification, and puts forward that the system of expert assistant and expert assistant should be perfected step by step. At the same time, we should perfect the cross-examination system to realize the effective cross-examination of both sides and ensure the authenticity and reliability of DNA evidence. This paper tries to promote the substantial process of DNA evidence review by reconstructing the standards of examination and confirmation and perfecting the relevant procedures to help the judges scientifically identify the evidence effectiveness and proof power of DNA evidence and to realize the fair trial of the court.
【学位授予单位】：南京师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D925.2

【参考文献】