中国行政诉讼的法律实效研究

发布时间：2018-07-17 20:33

【摘要】：本文从实践逻辑出发,论文尝试通过实证分析和逻辑论证,考察行政诉讼的法律实效,分析影响行政诉讼法律实效的各个因素,并进一步探求改善行政诉讼法律实效的可行路径。全文分导论和正文共七个部分,其中正文有六章。第一章是关于行政诉讼法律实效的一般理论,主要是从法律实效的概念和与法律效力、法律实现这两个相关概念的辨析入手,讨论行政诉讼法律实效的概念、考察方法、影响因素。中国行政诉讼的法律实效就是对行政诉讼在中国实际运行状态的考察和研究。其次,根据行政诉讼法律实效的关注对象,可以从心理学、社会学、经济学三个角度对行政诉讼法律实效进行考察和分析,并且这三个角度不能截然分立,而是相互贯穿、共同解释行政诉讼的法律实效。最后,参照影响法律实效的主要因素,笔者认为影响中国行政诉讼法律实效的主要因素有以下四方面:一是制度因素。主要是考察和分析制度因素与行政诉讼立法目标的关系。二是权力结构因素。主要从国家权力关系的维度探究我国行政诉讼的独立地位、审查深度、司法权威的广度和深度。三是行为主体因素。主要是考察和分析诉讼各方对行政诉讼的理解、运用的动机和目的及对该法发展的愿景。四是实施环境因素。主要考察和分析行政诉讼的实施环境与行政诉讼结案方式的关系。第二章是对中国行政诉讼立法目标的实效考察和制度因素的分析。通过对行政诉讼立法宗旨的解读和对司法实践的考察,笔者认为,中国行政诉讼法律本身的明确性、合理性和可操作性程度影响了行政诉讼的司法实践。行政诉讼立法目的中规定的保护相对人合法权益在实践中已经完全被“彻底解决行政争议”的目的所掩盖,而“彻底解决行政争议”的立法目的在实践中并不是纠结于个案纠纷的彻底解决而立足于整个社会的司法效果和社会效果统一的追求,是对现实中多种利益的平衡。在行政审判的具体过程中法官追求的目标复杂并且多元,中国行政审判的权威性和公信力也在司法对各种效果的叠加追求中逐渐沦为鸡肋。第三章是对行政诉讼独立性的实效考察与权力因素的分析。中国的行政诉讼是囿于权力结构中的诉讼,权力因素是影响行政诉讼司法实践的关键因素。中国的法院既是一个中立的司法机构,又是一个官僚机构,党委、地方政府、法院之间有千丝万缕的联系,法院自身既受控于体制之中,又得益于这个体制。行政诉讼嵌入在整个国家权力结构之中,行政审判的裁判结果同地方政府政绩息息相关,审判结果在追求司法正义的同时还要符合党的大政方针和适应地方政府的总体规划以满足法院自身利益的最大化。第四章是对行政诉讼各方诉求的实效考察与主体因素的分析。主要探讨影响行政诉讼法律实效的主体因素,尝试从法官、律师、行政相对人、行政机关的角度考察和分析行政诉讼参与各方对行政诉讼的理解、适用、看法和建议。通过田野调查和群众访谈等从行政诉讼参与人的视角分析研究行政诉讼的运作状况,关注行政诉讼中主体的真实感受。并从行政诉讼各方对纠纷解决途径的选择、对行政诉讼的认知、法律意识以及行政诉讼中弱者的策略四个方面分析了行政诉讼运作中各方的参与逻辑。第五章是对行政诉讼结案方式的实效考察与实施环境因素的分析。中国的行政诉讼受司法实施环境的影响,不能充分发挥司法的独立性,对行政争议的解决实质上是以行政诉讼为中介的柔性解决。中国的行政诉讼深深地嵌入在权力结构的漩涡之中,要单靠“非黑即白”的行政裁判完全解决行政争议是行政审判“不可承受之重”。法院在行政诉讼中扮演的不仅仅完全是裁判中立者的角色,也是各方面利益的协调者,法院小心翼翼地通过一系列“变通”的方法,以提建议、和解、向党委求助等多种方式化解行政审判中的难题,以期维护法院的权威和司法的公正。第六章是对改善行政诉讼法律实效的路径分析。通过前面对行政诉讼法律实效的考察和对法学理论上一般提升法律实效手段的分析,笔者认为主要可以从以下五个方面改善和提升行政诉讼的法律实效。第一,树立行政审判的权威。通过对行政诉讼参与各方行政审判基本立场的考察和对“和解撤诉”满意度的调查,提出“行政判决”具有其他非司法方式不可比拟的作用。必须通过减少行政诉讼的随意性和提高行政案件判决结案的比例来树立行政审判权威;第二,规范司法实践中的“和解撤诉”。根据考察和行政诉讼各方对“和解撤诉”的选择、看法和建议,理出规范“和解撤诉”的思路,提高行政诉讼法的可操作性;第三,提升行政裁判的社会认同。行政诉讼的过程是一个高度专业性和技术性的过程,行政诉讼的过程和结果很容易受到民众的曲解和误导。通过加强行政诉讼中的民意沟通和律师在诉讼中的释法说理可以有效提升行政裁判的社会认同;第四,尊重行政诉讼的阶段化发展。中国行政诉讼制度的演变是一个渐进性过程,本次修法尊重了行政诉讼发展的阶段性,采取了循序渐进的改革方式。根据主体的不同需求和制度供求的不对称性所产生的高成本性和非均衡性可以对行政诉讼制度的未来发展作一些预测。第五,顺应社会治理模式的发展。行政、司法与民众的良性互动是行政诉讼的演进动力,作为行政审判中的“变通”,协同式行政诉讼萌生于司法实践之中,顺应了社会治理模式的发展,重新诠释了行政诉讼的价值,为行政诉讼的研究提出了新的命题。
[Abstract]:Starting from the practical logic, this paper tries to examine the legal effect of administrative litigation through empirical analysis and logical argument, analyze the various factors that affect the actual effect of administrative litigation, and further explore the feasible way to improve the legal effect of administrative litigation. The full text is divided into seven parts, including six chapters. The first chapter is The general theory about the actual effect of administrative litigation is mainly from the concept of legal effect, the validity of law and the analysis of these two related concepts, the concept of the legal effect of administrative litigation, the method of investigation and the influencing factors. The legal effect of administrative litigation in China is the actual operation state of administrative litigation in China. Secondly, according to the object of the legal effect of administrative litigation, we can examine and analyze the legal effect of administrative litigation from three angles of psychology, sociology and economics, and these three angles can not be separated completely, but interpenetrate each other to explain the legal effect of administrative litigation. Finally, the legal effect is influenced by the reference. The main factors that influence the actual effect of Chinese administrative litigation are the following four main factors: one is the institutional factor. The main factor is to examine and analyze the relationship between institutional factors and the legislative objectives of administrative litigation. Two is the power structure factor. The main factors are to explore the independent status of China's administrative litigation from the dimension of the state power relations, and examine the independent status of China's administrative litigation. Depth, the breadth and depth of judicial authority. Three is the main factor of behavior. It mainly examines and analyzes the understanding of the parties to the administrative litigation, the motivation and purpose of the application and the vision of the development of the law. Four is the implementation of the environmental factors. The main investigation and analysis of the relationship between the implementation environment of administrative litigation and the form of administrative litigation is the second chapter. Through the interpretation of the purpose of the administrative litigation and the investigation of the judicial practice, the author thinks that the clarity, rationality and operability of the Chinese administrative litigation law affect the judicial practice of the administrative litigation. The provisions of the legislative purpose of the administrative litigation are stipulated. The protection of the legitimate rights and interests of the relative people has been completely covered by the purpose of "completely solving the administrative dispute" in practice, and the legislative purpose of "solving the administrative dispute thoroughly" is not entangled in the thorough solution of the case dispute and is based on the unity of the judicial effect and social effect of the whole society, and is more to the reality. In the specific process of administrative trial, the aim of the judge is complex and pluralistic. The authority and credibility of the administrative trial in China are gradually reduced to chicken ribs in the pursuit of the superposition of various effects. The third chapter is an analysis of the actual effect of the independence of administrative litigation and the analysis of the power factors. Due to the litigation in the power structure, the power factor is the key factor affecting the judicial practice of administrative litigation. The court of China is not only a neutral judicial institution, but also a bureaucracy, the Party committee, the local government and the court have countless ties. The court itself is not only controlled in the system, but also benefited from the system. In the whole state power structure, the results of the administrative trial are closely related to the achievements of the local government. The results of the trial are in accordance with the party's policy and the overall plan of the local government to meet the maximum of the court's own interests while pursuing judicial justice. The fourth chapter is the actual effect of the appeals to the parties of the administrative litigation. This paper mainly discusses the main factors affecting the legal effect of administrative litigation, and tries to examine and analyze the understanding, application, views and suggestions of administrative litigation from the angle of the judges, lawyers, administrative relative and administrative organs. This paper analyzes the operation status of administrative litigation, and pays attention to the true feelings of the subject in administrative litigation, and analyzes the participation logic of all parties in the administrative litigation from four aspects of the choice of the administrative litigation parties, the cognition of the administrative litigation, the legal consciousness and the strategy of the weak in the administrative litigation. The fifth chapter is the line of action. The administrative litigation in China is influenced by the environmental factors. The administrative litigation in China can not give full play to the independence of the judiciary. The solution to the administrative dispute is a flexible solution to the mediation of administrative litigation. China's administrative litigation is deeply embedded in the whirlpool of power structure. It is "unbearable" to fully solve administrative disputes by the administrative referee of "non black or white". The court plays not only the role of the referee, but also the coordinator of all aspects of the interests of the court in administrative proceedings. The court is careful to make suggestions, conciliation, and direction through a series of "variable" methods. The Party committee help to solve the difficult problems in the administrative trial in a variety of ways, in order to maintain the authority of the court and the justice of the judiciary. The sixth chapter is an analysis of the path to improve the legal effect of administrative litigation. To improve and improve the legal effect of administrative litigation from the following five aspects. First, establish the authority of administrative trial. Through the investigation of the basic position of administrative trial and the satisfaction of the "conciliatory withdrawal", the author puts forward that the "administrative judgment" has the incomparable role of other non legal methods. The arbitrariness of administrative litigation and the increase of the proportion of administrative cases judgment and settlement to establish the authority of administrative trial; second, standardize the "reconciliation and withdrawal" in judicial practice. According to the selection, views and suggestions of the parties to the "reconciliation and withdrawal" in the investigation and administrative litigation, the idea of "reconciliation withdrawing the lawsuit" is put forward to improve the operation of the administrative procedure law. Third, promote the social identity of the administrative referee. The process of administrative litigation is a highly professional and technical process. The process and results of administrative litigation are easily misinterpreted and misled by the people. By strengthening the public opinion communication in administrative litigation and the explanation of lawyers' interpretation in the lawsuit, the society of the administrative referee can be effectively promoted. Fourth, respect the phased development of administrative litigation. The evolution of the administrative litigation system in China is a gradual process. This method of revision respects the stages of the development of administrative litigation and adopts a gradual reform. The high nature and unbalance of the different needs of the subject and the asymmetry of the supply and demand of the system can be produced. In order to make some predictions about the future development of the administrative litigation system. Fifth, comply with the development of the social governance model. The positive interaction between the administration, the judiciary and the people is the motive force of the administrative litigation. As the "change" in the administrative trial, the cooperative administrative litigation is born in the judicial practice, complies with the development of the social governance model and reinterprets it. The value of administrative litigation raises a new proposition for the study of administrative litigation.
【学位授予单位】：西南政法大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：D925.3

【参考文献】