我国众筹的刑法规制前瞻研究

发布时间：2018-02-26 01:17

本文关键词： 众筹刑法风险刑法规制　出处：《西南财经大学》2016年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：众筹融资模式最先在美国兴起并且发展迅速,2011年7月,我国第一家众筹平台——点名时间在国内上线,这标志着众筹融资模式正式进入中国。数据统计,众筹模式在国内发展的近五年时间里,受到了广泛欢迎并且出现了众多的成功融资项目。但是,众筹融资模式毕竟是一个新兴的融资方式,其在发展的过程中也出现了一些问题,比如有涉嫌非法集资犯罪的风险,本文正是围绕这一问题进行展开。本文对所搜集的文献资料进行归纳、整理,在对我国众筹模式的理论分类以及现实实践进行归纳总结的基础上,分析了在我国当前法制环境下众筹模式可能引发的刑事法律风险,然后提出未来我国对违法众筹行为进行刑法规制的路径。本文正文分为三个部分。第一部分阐述我国众筹的现实实践和法律规制。首先,通过对众筹的来源入手界定了众筹的概念,认为众筹是融资者通过互联网或者其他电子媒介向投资者募集项目资金的融资模式。随后梳理了众筹的类型：根据投资者所得回报方式的不同,将众筹分为四类(即股权众筹、债权众筹、奖励众筹和捐赠众筹)。其次,分析了对众筹进行法律规制的必要性。认为我国众筹是一种创新型融资模式,实践中已经出现一些疑似违法的众筹活动,对众筹进行法律规制十分必要。最后,通过对近几年在国内出台的有关众筹的法律法规的梳理,认为虽然一些疑似违法的众筹活动具有非法集资犯罪的可能,但是由于目前国家对众筹还未出台明确、完备的法律法规进行规范,如果对这些疑似违法的众筹活动进行刑法规制,还没有明确的法律根据。第二部分分析我国当下众筹的刑法风险。首先,在现行法律体系下明确了合法众筹活动和违法众筹活动的边界,认为合法的众筹活动应当在已有法律法规的范围内进行,而且应当坚持“法无禁止即自由”,只要法律没有明文禁止就可以开展众筹活动,一旦超越法律的界限就应当认为是违法众筹活动。接着分析了四种众筹模式各自可能面临的刑事法律风险,认为股权众筹是目前唯一一个有法规对其进行规制的众筹模式,违法股权众筹具有现实的刑事法律风险。但是,对于其他众筹模式进行刑法规制在实践中还存在着诸多问题。其次,分析了违法众筹的本质和对其进行刑法规制的可行性。本文依据《2010年非法集资解释》第一条的规定,分析了违法众筹活动的本质,认为违法众筹活动具有非法集资的四个特征,本质是一种非法吸收资金的行为,而且对其进行刑法规制具有可行性。最后,分析了当前《刑法》对违法众筹活动没有进行刑法规制的原因。认为目前对于现实出现的违法众筹活动,国家没有将其上升到刑法层面进行处理,一是由于国家相关部门认为尚且可以利用民事法律或者行政法规对这些违法众筹活动进行规制,而刑法规制还没有具体、明确的法律界限；二是由于当前国家鼓励大众创业,对众筹活动进行刑法规制有可能会误伤众筹融资创业者的积极性。这体现了我国刑法的谦抑性原则。第三部分对我国违法众筹的刑法规制进行展望。认为我国未来对于违法众筹进行刑法规制,首先,需要制订明确的“一次法”规范,将“一次法”规范作为对违法众筹活动进行刑法规制的前提依据,进而明确违法众筹与合法众筹的界限。其次,需要明确违法众筹行为入罪的犯罪性质和标准。认为违法众筹活动应当是一种非法吸收资金行为,可能构成非法吸收公众存款罪甚至集资诈骗罪(如果有非法占有目的的话)；其入罪标准应当是,当融资者假借合法众筹的形式开展非法吸收资金行为而达到刑事法律规定的入罪标准时,应当依照《刑法》和相关司法解释的规定对其作出处罚。本文可能的创新：其一,从学理上探讨了现实违法众筹活动的本质和刑法风险,认为违法众筹活动具有非法集资的本质,具有引发非法集资犯罪的风险。其二,对我国未来对于违法众筹刑法规制的问题提出了自己的见解,认为未来对于众筹需要制订明确的“一次法”规范,明确违法众筹与合法众筹的界限,在此基础上,可以将违法众筹活动纳入非法集资犯罪的范围内进行刑法规制。本文的不足：由于所掌握的文献资料不充分和自身的理论水平有限,使得对文中关于违法众筹活动刑法谦抑处理的理论分析和刑法规制路径的探讨显得不足,在这方面需要改进。
[Abstract]:The mode of financing the first rise in the United States and the rapid development of our country in July 2011, the first public to raise the platform - named time at home on the line, which marks the formal entry into the mode of financing. China statistics, the congregation raised pattern in the domestic development of nearly five years, has been widely welcomed and there have been many the success of project financing. However, the mode of financing is a new financing mode, it also appeared some problems in the process of development, such as the risk of the alleged crime of illegal fund-raising, this paper is focus on the issue. This paper summarizes the collected literature based. Summing up the theory in the classification of all the chips mode and practice, analyzed in our current legal environment to raise public mode of criminal legal risk may arise, and then put forward the future The path for China to regulate illegal congregation behavior. This text is divided into three parts. The first part describes the practice of all the chips and legal regulation. First of all, through the source of all the chips on the paper defines the concept of the public to raise, raise public financing that is through the Internet or other electronic media to raise project funds to investors financing mode. Then it analyzes the types of chips: according to the return to investors in different ways, the congregation is divided into four categories (i.e., public equity raise, raise public debt, incentives to raise the public and raise public donations). Secondly, analyzes the necessity of legal regulation to raise the public. Think of all the chips is a kind of innovative financing mode, in practice there have been some suspected illegal activities to raise public, it is necessary to regulate all the chips. Finally, through the introduction of relevant laws and regulations in China in recent years to raise the Combing, argues that while some suspected illegal activities to raise public with illegal fund-raising crime, but due to the current state of the congregation had not issued clear laws and regulations, complete specifications, if the suspected illegal activities of the congregation raised the criminal law system, has no clear legal basis. The second part analyzes the risk of criminal law China to raise the public. First of all, under the current legal system clear legal and illegal activities to raise public activities to raise public boundary, considered legal activities to raise public should be in the scope of the existing laws and regulations, and should adhere to the "no law that prohibits freedom, as long as the law does not expressly prohibited to carry out all the raise the activity, once beyond the limit of the law should be considered illegal activities to raise public. Then analyzes the criminal legal risk of four kinds of mode all the chips each may face, that is currently the only public equity raise One has regulations to regulate it raising mode, to raise public equity with illegal criminal legal risk reality. However, for the rest of the congregation raised pattern of criminal law in practice there are still many problems. Secondly, analyzing the nature of illegal chips and the feasibility of the criminal law to regulate it. On the basis of <2010 illegal fund-raising explanations of the provisions of Article 1, analyzes the nature of the illegal activities of the congregation to raise, that illegal activities to raise public has four characteristics of illegal fund-raising, in essence is a kind of illegal absorption of funds, but also has the feasibility of the criminal law to regulate it. Finally, analysis of the current criminal law to raise public law "no criminal law. For the reality that the current illegal activities to raise public, no country will rise to the level of criminal law for processing, one is due to the relevant departments of the state that still can benefit The regulation of civil law or administrative regulations on these illegal activities to raise public, and there is no specific legal regulation of criminal law, clear boundaries; two is due to the current state encourages public entrepreneurship, enthusiasm to raise public activities in criminal law regulation may injure the public to raise financing for entrepreneurs. It embodies the principle of modesty I in the criminal law. The third part discussed the prospect of China's criminal law illegal to raise the public. I think in the future to raise public law in criminal law, first of all, to establish a clear "one" standard, "a standard method for illegal activities to raise public of the criminal law of the premise, and then clear the illegal and legal boundaries to raise the public to raise the public. Secondly, the nature of the crime and illegal behavior standards need to be clear all the chips into sin. That illegal activities to raise public should be a kind of illegal absorption of funds, may constitute a non law The absorption of public deposits crime of financial fraud (even if there is the purpose of illegal possession; the conviction standard words) should be carried out when the funds illegally financing legal behavior under the guise of all the chips in the form of criminal law and reach the standard of conviction, should be in accordance with the "criminal Law > and related judicial interpretation of the provisions of punishment on the innovation of this article: first, to explore the real nature of illegal and criminal activities to raise public risk from theory, that the illegal activities to raise public nature of illegal fund-raising, has raised the risk of illegal fund-raising crime. Secondly, to our country in the future to raise public illegal criminal law problems of their own the views that the future for the public to raise the need to establish a clear" one law "standard, clear the illegal and legal boundaries to raise the public to raise the public, on this basis, can raise public illegal activities into illegal fund-raising crime Within the scope of criminal law. The shortcoming of this paper: because the literature is not sufficient and their theoretical level is limited, the problem is to discuss about the illegal congregation theory and criminal law criminal law processing path activities in this paper needs to be improved in this respect.

【学位授予单位】：西南财经大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：D924.3

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