组织考试作弊罪的认定

发布时间：2018-04-11 13:52

本文选题：组织作弊 + 犯罪构成　；参考：《安徽大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：近些年考试作弊犯罪明显增多,同时我国《刑法》中缺失规制组织作弊犯罪的专有罪名,按照行为不同分别定罪的模式并不能准确反映组织作弊犯罪的社会危害性,因此刑法修正案(九)增设了组织考试作弊罪,惩治在"法律规定的国家考试"中组织作弊、帮助组织作弊的行为。而为了更准确的适用本罪,做到罪责刑相一致,需要就本罪的认定标准进行分析研究,主要包括构成要件的认定、停止形态的认定、共犯的认定以及罪数的认定等四个方面。具体而言,在本罪构成要件方面,客观上,本罪的实行行为包括组织作弊和帮助组织作弊,通过招募、引诱等手段,策划、安排、指挥他人实施考试作弊的构成本罪,但本罪并非适用于所有的组织作弊行为,在我国的考试中,并非所有的考试都属于本罪的对象,需要符合"法律规定"和"国家考试"双重标准,并且对组织作弊的方式也应有一定限制,明显只属于考场违纪行为的并不属于本罪的规制范围。同时刑法修正案(九)还对组织考试作弊罪设定了"情节严重"的情形,认定时应当结合行为和结果综合分析,对实施了具有严重社会危害,同时对国家考试管理秩序以及其他考生公平参考等法益造成了严重侵害或具有其他严重社会影响的犯罪行为认定为"情节严重"。主观上,组织考试作弊罪的主体应包括自然人和单位,16周岁以上的自然人实施组织考试作弊行为或帮助组织考试作弊行为就可构成本罪,具有特殊身份的考试工作人员实施组织作弊犯罪应当加重处罚。在确定单位能够成为本罪主体的前提下,还应该准确区分真正的单位犯罪和以单位名义实施的自然人犯罪。同时,本罪的组织作弊犯罪应该属故意犯罪且仅包含直接故意,但是帮助行为有可能存在过失犯,应当有区别的分析。在本罪的停止形态方面,应当依据组织行为完成说,认定行为人着手实施并完成组织考试作弊的行为即为既遂。认定着手时应分析犯罪人是否已经开始实施刑法分则规定的具体犯罪构成客观方面,开始实施符合组织考试作弊罪犯罪构成的行为即为着手。在确定本罪着手标准的基础上,根据是因犯罪人自身意志以外的原因未完成还是犯罪人主动放弃继续犯罪认定行为人属于本罪的未遂还是中止。而本罪的预备阶段应当是行为人开始实施获取试题答案、购买作弊工具、招募替考人员等组织行为之前,即准备犯罪工具的行为就应当认定为已经着手实施组织行为。在共犯的认定方面,组织考试作弊犯罪的共犯是任意的共犯,一人也可以构成组织考试作弊罪,但司法实践中组织作弊犯罪一般由多人共同实施已经成为常态,对于组织者应根据其在犯罪实施过程中所起到的作用认定主犯或从犯。同时,对于帮助组织考试作弊行为,刑法修正案(九)将其单独规定,与组织作弊行为适用相同的刑罚标准,不按从犯处理,是为了强调刑法的评价功能,与帮助组织作弊行为的社会危害性相当。在本罪的罪数认定方面,实施组织作弊的行为有可能构成非法获取国家秘密罪、故意泄露国家秘密罪、非法生产、销售专用间谍器材、窃听、窃照专用器材罪或者渎职犯罪等罪,应当区分本罪与这些罪名的界限,以及组织作弊行为构成数罪时应如何定罪处罚。
[Abstract]:In recent years, the exam cheating crime increased significantly, while the lack of regulation organizations in our country criminal law in the crime of cheating "proprietary charges, not in accordance with the different behavior patterns and conviction respectively reflect the organization of cheating on the social harmfulness of crime, the criminal law amendment (nine) added group cheating crime, the punishment of cheating in law" "in the national examination organization, to help organize cheating. In order to apply the more accurate, that punishment is consistent, need analysis and Research on the standards of this crime, including the constitutive elements of the recognition, identification of stop form, the four aspects of identification of the number and an accomplice of the crime that specifically. And in the constituent elements of this crime, objectively, its practice behavior including the organization to help organize the cheating and cheating, by recruiting, luring and other means, planning, implementation arrangements, directing others to cheat in the exam The constitution of this crime, but the crime is not applicable to all organizations cheating, in our test, the object not all belong to the exam, need to comply with the "law" and "national examination" double standards, and the organization way of cheating also should have certain limits, obviously belong to the examination discipline behavior this crime does not belong to the scope of the regulation. At the same time, the criminal law amendment (nine) of the organization crime of cheating in the exam set a "serious" case, identification should be based on comprehensive analysis of behavior and result, with serious social harm to the implementation of the national examination at the same time, order management and other candidates fair reference legal interests seriously the infringement or other criminal behavior has serious social effects as "serious". Subjectively, the main organization of cheating crime should include natural person and unit, the implementation of 16 weeks over the age of natural person The organization of the examination cheating or help the organization of the examination cheating can constitute a crime, the examination staff has the special status of the organization and implementation of cheating crime should be aggravating. To become a prerequisite in determining the subject of the crime unit, should also accurately distinguish between natural and real unit crime in the name of the unit crime. At the same time, the the organization is a deliberate crime and crime of cheating should include only direct intentional, but help behavior may have negligence, should analyze the difference. In this crime stop shape, should be based on the organization for the completion of said acts that people begin to implement and complete the organization of the examination cheating behavior is accomplished. To be recognized analysis of whether a suspect has begun the implementation of specific crimes in specific provisions of criminal law constitutes the objective aspect, started with the organization of the crime of cheating in the exam Behavior is based on determining this crime to proceed. According to the standard, is the reason for the crime outside of their own volition or unfinished criminal acts that people continue to take the initiative to give up the crime belongs to the attempted or discontinuance of crime. The crime preparation stage should be implemented to obtain human behavior answers to questions, buy cheating tool, before recruitment take the test personnel organization behavior, namely crime tools to behavior should be recognized as has started to implement the organizational behavior. In the identification of accomplice, the crime of organizing cheating is arbitrary accomplice, one can also constitute the organization crime of cheating in the exam, but in the judicial practice of cheating crime generally by the common people has become the implementation the norm for the organizers should according to its implementation plays a role in the process of the determination of principal or accomplice in the crime. At the same time, to help the organization for cheating in the examination As the criminal law amendment (nine) the provisions of the individual and organization, cheating to apply the same standard of criminal penalty, not by accessory treatment, is emphasized in order to evaluate the function of criminal law, and help organize the cheating behavior of social harmfulness. Identified in the crime number, the organization and implementation of cheating behavior may constitute illegal obtaining state secrets, the crime of deliberately leaking state secrets, illegal production and sales of specialized espionage equipment, eavesdropping, stealing according to special equipment or the crime of dereliction of duty crimes, should limit the distinction between this crime and the crime of cheating, and constitute several crimes should be how to be convicted and punished.

【学位授予单位】：安徽大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D924.3

【参考文献】