以“生态法益”为中心的环境犯罪立法完善研究

发布时间：2018-05-01 03:26

  本文选题：生态法益 + 外来物种入侵罪　； 参考：《吉林大学》2015年博士论文

【摘要】：随着人类能力的不断提升,我们似乎已经战无不胜、攻无不克,然而在人类开始为自己的“成绩”而欣喜的时候,自然开始了报复,人类开始生活在自己营造的环境危险社会之中。因此,环境问题逐渐成为21世纪人类关注的焦点,完善环境刑事立法也随之成为我国立法之重点。然而,我国现行环境犯罪保护的目标并不明确,在人身法益、财产法益、秩序法益与生态法益之间左右游移,造成环境犯罪立法目的的模糊,对于生态环境的保护十分不利。本文主张在四种法益之间,生态法益应该成为环境犯罪保护的主要目标,其余三种法益则是环境犯罪保护的次要目标。以此为主题思想,本文将分为五个部分对以生态法益保护为中心的环境犯罪立法完善进行研究。本文以“利益”为出发点,利益的本意是需要的满足,而最低的需要应是生存,它的表现就是生命,由此将非生物体和后代人的利益主体资格排除。生态利益是生态法益的上位概念,本文通过对生态利益概念的梳理,得出生态利益的主体是人类及非人类生物体。本文以“法益”为出发点,通过法益与利益关系的辨析得出生态法益的主体是人的观点,排除了非人类生物体生态法益主体的资格。本文以“生态”为出发点,通过对生态系统和环境资源的比较,指出环境资源的经济属性及其难以跳脱古典人类中心主义泥潭的先天缺陷,而生态系统强调整体性及其自然科学研究基础之雄厚的特征,得出生态系统作为生态法益客体更为适宜的结论。由此,生态法益的概念应当界定为:法所保护的,生态系统提供给人类的,脱离了人类的人身、财产、秩序法益和环境精神利益而独立存在的,对人类的生存和发展具有基础支持和决定作用的利益。在环境犯罪以生态法益保护为中心的合理性讨论中,笔者提出生态法益中心论的观点,这一点源于生态利益本身所具有的特殊性:不易恢复性、公共性和跨国影响性。本文借用经济学中的“无差异”标准对具有不易恢复性的生态法益损害完美赔偿的不可行进行论证,通过生态利益损害所具有的公共性论证其所具有的严重社会危害性,由生态利益损害所具有的跨国影响性引出环境犯罪的惩治并非某一国家自己的事务,而是整个世界的共同事业,我国环境刑法应与世界先进国家的环境刑法相接轨,由此得出我国刑法介入生态法益保护的必要性。在此基础上,结合我国现行环境刑法以人类传统法益为保护中心的表现,本文进一步论证生态法益是环境犯罪主要客体、生态法益损害是环境犯罪与其他类罪的最本质区别、以生态法益保护为中心能够有效遏制环境犯罪的发生等观点。我国环境刑法中虽有生态法益保护的蒙醒和迹象可寻,但以生态法益保护为中心对我国环境犯罪刑事立法进行反思,会发现我国环境犯罪存在三方面不足。对生态法益保护不全面表现为缺少对生态脆弱区和湿地生态系统的保护、非法占用农用地罪的条文中“数量较大”与“造成农用地大量毁坏”之间的重复与表述不当和危害林木类犯罪社会危害性的度量以林木的立木蓄积为标准的财产倾向。对生态法益保护深度不足主要体现在对生物多样性的保护仅停留在对物种多样性的保护层面,而且对物种多样性的保护也不够周延,具体表现为缺少外来物种入侵罪的设置、缺少对生命运行整体过程的考虑、对纯正生态法益损害的入罪考量不足。环境犯罪刑事责任设置对生态法益的保护不足表现为环境犯罪与相关其他犯罪的刑罚幅度设置存在罪刑不均衡现象以及对生态法益损害行为缺乏直接以恢复生态为目的刑事责任承担方式。无论是罪名的增加还是刑法条文及解释的调整都应以环境犯罪的独立成章为基础,与此同时,本文通过对生态法益与其余三种法益之间的冲突与位阶的讨论,得出其所处位置应该是侵犯公民人身权利、民主权利罪与侵犯财产罪两章之间。在具体罪名的增加与法文的调整方面,应该给予重点生态脆弱区以与国家级自然保护区和自然保护区核心区同等的保护,通过解释的方法将湿地纳入非法占用农用地罪的犯罪对象中,增设以保护生物多样性为目标的外来物种入侵罪,危害自然保护区罪和违法获取、毁坏珍贵、濒危野生动物蛋卵罪。在刑罚方面,针对司法实践中涌现的以恢复生态为目的的裁判,通过对理论学说的比较,本文主张在被判处管制、宣告缓刑以及被裁定假释的环境犯罪人适用社区矫正中增加以恢复生态为内容的社会服务令制度。我国环境犯罪现有量化标准无法满足生态法益保护的需要,对生态法益损害通过鉴定评估的方式进行量化是克服生态法益损害模糊性的唯一途径。对生态法益损害量化评估进而纳入法律规制范畴的方法已经在美国和欧盟得到适用并取得了不菲的成果,广受各国推崇和借鉴。我国目前适用这种方法对生态法益进行量化所具有的基础包括我国生态经济学学者已经拥有对生态价值进行评估的技术,我国刑法内和刑法外已经具备一定程度的规范基础,在司法鉴定上已经具备一定的操作基础,但是虽存在这些基础,真正做到生态法益损害量化纳入刑法规制还需要更加充足的准备。本文进一步对污染环境罪、擅自进口固体废物罪、非法采矿罪和破坏性采矿罪的立法进行了与之相契合的调整,并主张在生态法益损害入罪标准的设计中采用浮动区间的方式以化解环境容量的地域性与生态法益损害定罪数额的确定性之间的矛盾。
[Abstract]:With the continuous improvement of human ability, we seem to have been invincible and invincible. However, when human beings begin to retaliate for their "achievements", we naturally begin to retaliate, and human beings begin to live in a dangerous environment of their own environment. Therefore, environmental questions have gradually become the focus of human concern in the twenty-first Century, and the environment is perfect. The criminal legislation is also the focus of our country's legislation. However, the objective of our current environmental crime protection is not clear. It moves between the personal legal benefit, the property legal interest, the legal interest of the order and the ecological legal interest, which makes the legislative purpose of the environmental crime blurred and the protection of the ecological environment very bad. This article advocates between the four kinds of legal interests, The ecological benefits should be the main goal of environmental crime protection, and the other three kinds of legal benefits are the secondary goal of environmental crime protection. As the theme, this article will be divided into five parts to study the improvement of environmental crime legislation centered on the protection of ecological legal interest. This article is based on the "interest" as the starting point, and the intention of the interest is needed. Satisfaction, and the minimum need should be survival, its performance is life, which excludes the subject qualification of non living and descendants. Ecological interests are the epistatic concept of ecological benefits. By combing the concept of ecological interests, the main body of ecological interests is human and non human organisms. This article is based on the "legal benefit". Point, through the analysis of the relationship between legal interest and interest, the main body of ecological legal benefit is human's viewpoint, and the qualification of non human organism ecological legal benefit subject is excluded. This article takes "ecology" as the starting point, and points out the economic attribute of environmental resources and it is difficult to jump out of the classical anthropocentrism mire through the comparison of ecological system and environmental resources. And the ecological system emphasizes the solid characteristics of the integrity and the foundation of the natural scientific research, and draws the conclusion that the ecosystem is more suitable as the object of the ecological legal benefit. Therefore, the concept of ecological legal interest should be defined as: the law is protected by the law and the ecosystem is provided to human beings, which are separated from the human body, property, order legal benefits and the benefits of human beings. In the discussion of the rationality of environmental crime centered on the protection of ecological legal benefits, the author puts forward the viewpoint of the ecologic legal interest center theory, which is derived from the particularity of the ecological interests, which is not easy to recover and public. By borrowing the "no difference" standard in economics, this paper demonstrates the infeasibility of damaging the perfect compensation for the ecological benefits that are not easy to recover, and demonstrates the serious social harmfulness by the public nature of the ecological benefit damage, which leads to the environment of transnational influence caused by the damage of ecological benefits. The punishment of the crime is not a country's own affairs, but the common cause of the whole world. The environmental criminal law of our country should be connected with the environmental criminal law of the world's advanced countries. Thus, the necessity of the protection of the ecological legal interest in the criminal law of our country is drawn. On the basis of this, it combines the current environmental criminal law of our country to the protection of the human traditional legal interest as the protection center. At present, this article further demonstrates that ecological legal interest is the main object of environmental crime. The damage of ecological legal interest is the most essential difference between environmental crime and other types of crime. The ecological legal interest protection can effectively restrain the occurrence of environmental crime. In our environmental criminal law, although there are awakening and signs of ecological legal interest protection, the ecological legal interest is beneficial to the ecological legal interest. The protection is the center to reflect on the criminal legislation of environmental crime in China. There will be three deficiencies in the environmental crime in China. The protection of ecological legal benefit is not fully manifested as the lack of the protection of the ecological fragile area and the wetland ecosystem. The provisions of the crime of illegal occupation of agricultural land are "large in quantity" and "caused by a large number of agricultural land destruction". The measure of the improper repetition and expression and the harm to the social harmfulness of the forest type crime is the standard property tendencies of the trees. The protection depth of the ecological benefits is mainly reflected in the protection of biodiversity only on the protection level of the species diversity, and the protection of the species diversity is not enough. The body is lacking in the crime of alien species invasion, lack of consideration of the whole process of life and the inadequacy of the crime of pure ecological legal benefit damage. The lack of protection of the ecological legal interest by setting up the criminal responsibility of environmental crime shows that there is no balance between the crime and punishment of the environmental crime and other related crimes. No matter the increase in the crime, the provisions of the criminal law and the adjustment of the interpretation should be based on the independent chapter of the environmental crime, and at the same time, the article through the discussion of the conflict and the rank between the ecological benefits and the other three kinds of legal benefits. The position should be between the two chapters of the infringement of citizen's personal rights, the crime of democratic rights and the crime of violating property. In terms of specific charges and the adjustment of French, the key ecological fragile areas should be given the same protection as the National Nature Reserve and the core of the nature reserve. In the crime object of land use crime, the crime of invasion of alien species, which is aimed at protecting biological diversity, endangering the crime and illegal acquisition of natural reserves, destroying precious and endangered wild animals egg eggs. In the aspect of punishment, the referee that emerges to restore ecology in judicial practice, through the comparison of theory and theory, is advocated in this paper. The environmental criminals who are sentenced to control, declaring probation and adjudication are applicable to the social service order of community correction in the community correction. The existing quantitative standards of environmental crime in our country can not meet the needs of ecological legal benefit protection, and the ecological law benefit damage through the evaluation method is quantified to overcome the ecological law. The only way to damage the fuzziness of interest is that the quantitative assessment of the damage to the ecological benefits has been applied in the United States and the European Union, which has been widely praised and used for reference by all countries. The basis of the application of this method to the quantification of ecological benefits includes the ecological economy of our country. Scholars have already had the technology to evaluate the ecological value. In our country, the criminal law and the criminal law have a certain standard basis, and have certain operational basis in the judicial identification. But although there are these foundations, it is necessary to make the quantification of the damage quantification of the ecological benefits into the criminal law more sufficient preparation. In one step, the crime of polluting the environment, the crime of importing solid waste without authorization, the crime of illegal mining and the crime of destructive mining have been adjusted in conjunction with it, and the floating interval is adopted in the design of the standards for the offense of ecological benefits to resolve the certainty of the locality of the environmental capacity and the certainty of the amount of the damage to the ecological legal interest. The contradiction.

【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D924.3
，

本文编号：1827537