非法经营罪堵漏条款适用研究

发布时间：2018-05-07 19:59

本文选题：非法经营罪 + 堵漏条款　；参考：《南昌大学》2014年硕士论文

【摘要】：非法经营罪来源于1979年刑法规定的投机倒把罪。作为我国特定历史时期出现的罪名，该罪的产生有其充分的历史背景。随着市场经济的逐步建立发展，该罪所包括的罪名越来越多，成为了一个“大口袋”。因此，97年刑法将投机倒把罪取消，并对该罪进行了分解，其中之一就是非法经营罪。从非法经营罪的表述语可以看出，刑法典采用了列举和概括相结合的方式。前三项采取的是列举法，明确规定了三种行适用该罪，第四项用“其他”短句笼统地概括其它的非法经营行为。这种概括兜底式的法律条款因其具有堵住及避免出现法律漏洞的作用，，因此被冠以堵漏条款的称谓。在随后的立法和司法实践中，非法经营罪堵漏条款适用范围不断扩张，如何采取有效措施对其进行合理限制。这既能丰富学术界在这一方面的研究素材，又能为非法经营罪的规范适用提供一定的帮助。因此，本文具有一定的学术价值和实践意义。本文分四个部分，第一部分简要介绍非法经营罪的立法进程、内涵构成及立法表述方式，并分析了该罪采取堵漏条款这种方式的现实原因和理论背景。非法经营罪的设立是对我国当时经济现实需求的最好回应，有利于建立与维护一个正常的市场秩序。从理论角度来看，我国法律体系属于成文法系。为了克服成文法系的弊端，立法者在规定表述上选用了概然性的条款，即堵漏条款，使其具有一定概括性和包容性，既能够反映现实，又有一定的超前性。第二部分对该罪堵漏条款适用条件进行了深入解析。从刑法第225条规定来看，要构成非法经营罪，要从三个方面去分析。即该行为是否违反了国家规定，这是判定罪与非罪的关键；该行为是否给市场秩序造成了严重影响；情节是否严重。首先，准确界定刑法意义范畴的国家规定，涉及到刑法解释的重大问题。非法经营罪中的“国家规定”，关键是从立法主体上进行分析，主要包括法律和决定，行政法规、措施和命令。”此外，《立法法》实施前经过国务院批准的规章，经国务院办公厅转发的规章，所设定行政许可项目得到国务院保留的规章，这几种特殊情况的规章也能上升为刑法上的“国家规定”。对于“其他非法经营行为”，在刑法的含义清晰、确定之时,法官可直接适用而无需进行解释。但对于该罪只是模糊性规定的“其他”行为这个堵漏条款时,刑事审判机关在司法实践中，则需要坚守严格解释的原则，合理界定“其他非法经营行为”的外延，不得任意解释,以避免在法律适用中出现歧义，要从相当性、差别性、限制性三个本质特征进行深入分析。对程度要件“情节严重”的认定，可以从业务经营的数额是否巨大，违法所得的数目，多次进行非法经营屡次经行政处罚而不悔改，造成重大损失四个方面进行认定。第三部分主要阐述非法经营罪堵漏条款在适用中的扩张化倾向。由于非法经营罪堵漏条款的存在以及堵漏条款的高度概括性和抽象性，仍难以克服“口袋罪”具有的弊病。后来针对该罪的相关立法、司法解释不断将各种经营行为纳入其口袋内。这样一来，堵漏条款的适用面越来越宽泛。虽然该罪适用范围的扩张，能及时地打击经济犯罪，维护市场经济秩序，但也带来了一系列弊端和危害，其与罪刑法定原则、刑法谦抑原则相矛盾，容易与行政违法行为界限相混淆，甚至导致刑罚权被滥用的风险。第四部分提出了合理限制非法经营罪堵漏条款适用范围的对策措施，使其“口袋径”不至于无限的膨胀。首先是严格坚持罪行法定原则，限制立法及司法解释对该罪堵漏条款的不断扩张和膨胀；其次是有效运用刑法解释；然后还要规范行使法官的自由裁量权，提高法官的法律素养和道德水平，加强审判工作的监督机制。最后，对非法经营罪进行合理分解，以缩小其适用范围。
[Abstract]:The crime of illegal operation originates from the crime of speculation in the criminal law of 1979. As a crime appearing in the specific historical period of China, the crime has its full historical background. With the gradual development of the market economy, the crime includes more and more crimes, which has become a "big pocket". Therefore, the 97 year criminal law will take the crime of speculation. One of the crimes is the crime of illegal operation. From the expression of the crime of illegal management, it is shown that the criminal code has adopted a combination of enumerating and generalizations. The first three items are enumerated, which clearly stipulate that three kinds of crimes are applicable to the crime, and the fourth use the "other" short sentences to generalize other illegal business lines in general. In the following legislative and judicial practice, the application scope of the illegal business crime blocking clause is expanding, and how to take effective measures to restrict it. This can not only enrich the academic circle, but also enrich the academic circle. This research material can also provide some help for the normative application of the crime of illegal business operation. Therefore, this article has certain academic value and practical significance.
This article is divided into four parts. The first part briefly introduces the legislative process, the connotations of the crime of illegal operation, the connotations and the way of legislative expression, and analyzes the realistic and theoretical background of this crime. The establishment of the crime of illegal operation is the best response to the demand of the economic reality at that time in our country, which is beneficial to the establishment and maintenance of a positive one. From the theoretical point of view, the legal system of our country belongs to the written legal system. In order to overcome the malpractice of the legal system, the legislator has chosen the clause of the probability in the formulation, that is, the clause is blocked, and it has a certain generality and inclusiveness, which can not only reflect the reality, but also have a certain advance.
The second part analyzes the applicable conditions of the crime of this crime. From the 225th provisions of the criminal law, to constitute the crime of illegal operation, we should analyze it from three aspects. That is, whether the act violates the state regulations, which is the key to judging the crime and the non crime; whether this act has caused serious influence on the order of the city; whether the plot is serious or not. First, the exact definition of the national provisions of the category of criminal law involves a major issue in the interpretation of the criminal law. The "state provisions" in the crime of illegal operation are the key to the analysis of the legislative body, mainly including laws and decisions, administrative regulations, measures and orders. The rules forwarded by the office of the hospital office, the administrative licensing items set up by the State Council have been set up by the State Council, and the regulations of these special cases can also be raised to the "state regulations" in the criminal law. For the "other illegal operations", the judge can directly apply but without explanation when the meaning of the criminal law is clear and determined. In the case of the "other" act, which is defined by the fuzzy nature, the criminal judicial organ should stick to the principle of strict interpretation in judicial practice and rationally define the extension of the "other illegal operation", which can not be interpreted arbitrarily, in order to avoid ambiguity in the application of the law and three essential characteristics from the equivalent, differential and restrictive. The determination of the degree of "serious plot" can be identified from four aspects: whether the amount of the business operation is huge, the number of illegal income, and the illegal operation has been repeatedly carried out by administrative punishment without repentance, causing significant losses.
The third part mainly expounds the extension tendency in the application of the illegal operation crime, which is difficult to overcome because of the existence of the illegal operation crime and the high generality and abstractness of the blocking clause. In this way, the application of the clause is more and more wide. Although the expansion of the scope of the crime is expanded, it can combat economic crime and maintain the order of the market economy in time, but it also brings a series of malpractices and hazards, which is contradictory to the principle of legal punishment and the principle of criminal law, and is easy to confuse with the boundary of administrative illegal behavior. The risk of misuse of the right of punishment.
The fourth part puts forward the countermeasures to restrict the scope of the application of the illegal operation crime, so that the "pocket size" will not expand indefinitely. First, strictly adhere to the legal principle of crime, restrict the continuous expansion and expansion of the legislative and judicial interpretation of the crime, secondly, use the criminal law to explain effectively; and then we should also need to use the criminal law to explain the crime. We should standardize the discretion of the judges, improve the legal literacy and moral level of the judges, and strengthen the supervision mechanism of the trial work. Finally, the crime of illegal operation is rationally decomposed to reduce the scope of its application.

【学位授予单位】：南昌大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：D924.3

【相似文献】