我国人体器官移植的刑法问题研究

发布时间：2018-05-21 02:29

本文选题：人体器官移植犯罪 + 刑法保护　；参考：《广西师范大学》2014年硕士论文

【摘要】：有人说,人体器官移植技术是医学史上最伟大的发明之一,其起源最早可以追溯到古希腊时期。自20世纪以来,人体器官移植技术在保护人类生命健康方面发挥着巨大的作用。我国人体器官一直技术也日趋成熟,但是制约这项技术进步的仍然有三个主要问题：一是人体器官供求比例失衡；二是法律规定单一；三是死亡标准限制了一部分人体器官捐献的利用率。从法律规定来看,我国人体器官移植的相关规定大都集中在行政法规和2011年《刑法修正案(八)》中的一项新罪名和两个注意规定,将有关组织买卖人体器官的行为定为组织出卖人体器官罪,将非法摘取人体和尸体器官的行为分别规定为故意伤害、故意杀人罪和盗窃、侮辱尸体罪进行定罪量刑。从法律效果来看,对于屡禁不止的地下器官交易市场、非法买卖人体器官、走私还有不断扩大的参与主体等一系列问题,行政法规的处罚就显得非常单薄,无法抑制犯罪行为的发生。刑法作为最后的保护手段,此时就显得非常有必要。尽快对人体器官移植技术进行刑法的完善,减少犯罪行为的发生,可以更好的保护人体健康和生命安全以及稳定经济秩序发展。本文试图从人体器官移植技术的刑法适用及现有刑事法律存在的缺陷进行探讨,希望能对更好的规制人体器官移植市场提出一些见解和帮助。第一部分主要是对人体器官移植进行了简单的阐述。首先,由于医学上的人体器官移植技术分类繁多,但并非所有的类型都是需要刑法来规制,将其对比法律上的相关规定准确界定法律上人体器官移植的含义作为本文的研究范围。其次,将人体器官移植行为的违法阻却事由从正当医疗行为和被害人的承诺二个方面进行分析。第二部分主要是对人体器官移植引发的刑法问题进行分析。将人体器官移植的犯罪行为分为五种：第一,买卖人体器官的行为；第二,强制摘取人体器官的行为,其中包含了活体器官和尸体器官；第三,走私人体器官的行为；第四,异体移植下非法人体试验行为；第五,无资质的人体器官移植行为。总结人体器官移植犯罪的行为特点为本文下一部分研究我国现行人体器官移植的刑法规定以及不足之处奠定了基础。第三部分在阐明人体器官移植刑法规制的必要性之后,以《刑法修正案(八)》为基础对现有罪名和司法实践认定进行分析,提出现行刑法规制的不足。首先,是对我国人体器官移植犯罪已有罪名的分析。以目前学界研究现状及其理论基础,提出适用罪名时需要注意的一些问题。如关于“组织行为”的认定无需对具体的行为方式进行规定,只要是达到了将零散的器官买卖双方集中起来,加大了成功出卖器官的机率即可。对于“出卖”做广义上的理解包含了组织者的为了买而卖以及为了卖而买的“贩卖”行为。对于一些建议单独增设“非法摘取人体器官罪”的学者观点进行了反驳等等。其次,对人体器官移植犯罪在司法实践认定进行阐述。以犯罪构成为基础,对组织出卖人体器官罪一罪与数罪进行了分析,当行为人涉及到组织出卖人体器官的行为同时触犯了其他罪名,认为此种属于牵连关系,否则采取数罪并罚的方式。对人体器官移植中涉及到故意伤害罪、故意杀人罪、医疗事故罪、非法行医罪以及盗窃、侮辱尸体罪认定逐个分析。最后,对我国人体器官移植刑事法律存在的问题进行论述。如：人体器官范围过于狭窄,欠缺对一些组织器官买卖的规制；罪名规定单一,针对多元化的犯罪形态在运用传统罪名处罚显得有些牵强；心肺死亡标准不利于提高人体器官利用率等等问题,导致刑法中新罪名的出现仍然无法有力抑制人体器官买卖犯罪的出现。第四部分主要是对国外人体器官移植的刑法规制进行简要概括。运用比较分析的方法,针对不同法系下的几个国家和地区的立法观察。例如：韩国和日本在运用脑死亡标准的时候采取一分为二的方式有效解决了摘取脑死亡患者的法律责任。针对未成年人、死刑犯、精神病人澳门的刑事法律保护的更加完善。为后面完善我国人体器官移植的刑事法律提供了参考。第五部分主要是在全文分析的基础上,尤其是对我国人体器官移植的立法现状和司法实践中所存在的问题进行总结,结合学界观点提出笔者的完善建议。例如：扩大人体器官的范围,将眼角膜这一组织器官纳入人体器官的范围中。增加单位作为犯罪主体、增加非法人体实验犯罪和走私人体器官犯罪、加快脑死亡标准的确立以及建立死刑犯器官捐献的法律保护机制。
[Abstract]:Some people say organ transplantation is one of the greatest inventions in medical history . The origin of human organ transplantation can be traced back to ancient Greece . Since the 20th century , human organ transplantation has played a great role in protecting human life . There are still three main problems that restrict the technological progress : First , imbalance of supply and demand ratio of human organs ;
secondly , the legal provisions are single ;
Third , the death standard limits the utilization rate of a part of human organ donation . According to the legal provisions , the relevant regulations of human organ transplantation in China are mainly concentrated in administrative regulations and the criminal law amendment ( 8 ) of 2011 . The punishment of the administrative regulations is very simple and the crime can not be restrained . As soon as possible , the criminal law is perfected to reduce the occurrence of criminal acts , so as to protect the health and the life of human body and to stabilize the economic order . In this paper , the author hopes to make some opinions and help to the better regulation of human organ transplantation market .

The first part is mainly about organ transplantation of human body . First , because there are many kinds of human organ transplantation technology in medicine , it is not all the types that need criminal law to regulate , and the meaning of human organ transplantation in law is precisely defined as the research scope in this paper . Secondly , the illegal resistance of organ transplantation behavior is analyzed from two aspects of proper medical action and victim ' s commitment .

The second part mainly analyzes the criminal law problems caused by human organ transplantation . The crime of organ transplantation is divided into five kinds : the first , the behavior of buying and selling human organs ;
Second , the behavior of the organs of the human body is forcibly removed , and the organ of the living body and the organ of the body are included ;
Third , the smuggling of human organs ;
Fourthly , the experimental behavior of illegal human body under allotransplantation ;
Fifth , there is no qualified human organ transplantation behavior . The behavior characteristics of human organ transplantation crime are summarized as follows : Part of this article is to study the criminal law of human organ transplantation in our country and lay a foundation for the deficiency .

In the third part , after clarifying the necessity of the legal system of human organ transplantation , the author makes an analysis on the existing crime and judicial practice identification on the basis of the amendment of criminal law ( 8 ) . First of all , the author points out some problems which need to be paid attention to in the practice of human organ transplantation .
On the other hand , the crime pattern of multiple crimes is somewhat involved in the application of traditional crime .
The death standard of the heart and lung is not conducive to the improvement of the utilization rate of organs and organs , and the emergence of new crimes in the criminal law is still unable to strongly inhibit the appearance of the crime of human organs buying and selling .

In the fourth part , the author briefly summarizes the legislation of human organ transplantation in foreign countries . By means of comparative analysis , the legislation of several countries and regions under different laws is observed . For example , in the case of the use of the standard of brain death , South Korea and Japan have effectively solved the legal responsibility of removing the brain - death patients .

The fifth part is mainly on the basis of full text analysis , especially the present situation of human organ transplantation in China and the problems existing in judicial practice .
【学位授予单位】：广西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：D924.3

【参考文献】