职务犯罪的刑事政策研究

发布时间：2018-05-28 01:33

  本文选题：职务犯罪 + 刑事政策　； 参考：《武汉大学》2014年博士论文

【摘要】：腐败是世界各国政府和民众共同的敌人。职务犯罪作为腐败现象最严重的表现形式,近年来在我国呈现出范围扩大、案值升高、易发多发等特点。严峻形势面前,我国采取了空前严厉的态度,不断加大打击力度。刑法作为我国法律体系中最重要的部门法之一,作为查办和预防职务犯罪的最后一道防线,其具备的刑罚恐吓、威慑功能也几乎在立法、司法和执行中发挥到极致,但控制职务犯罪的效果并不理想,需要我们从制度的角度进行反思。作为一种有效实现惩罚和预防犯罪的重要渊源和有效方略,刑事政策在职务犯罪的控制过程中具有重要意义。一个国家的刑事法律制度实际上就是国家奉行的刑事政策的法律化,其刑法理论的发展和更替以及理论立场的选择,无不与刑事政策息息相关。职务犯罪的控制效果如何,更是离不开正确的刑事政策的指导。基于此,本文从现有的刑事政策研究成果出发,采用实证分析法、价值分析、比较分析等方法,对职务犯罪刑事政策有关问题进行了研究,提出了具体的改进建议。全文除引言外共分五章,共13万余字。 第一章是职务犯罪刑事政策的界定及概述,主要是界定刑事政策、职务犯罪以及职务犯罪刑事政策三者的概念,并分析探讨职务犯罪的成因以及成因对实践中应采取的刑事政策的影响,旨在通过认真研究这些问题,提出本文的论证基础。在概念的评析方面,通过比较相关理论学说,厘清了概念的共同点和差异点,提出了本文主张。同时,从社会因素、个体因素、文化因素和法制因素四个方面,对职务犯罪的成因进行了归纳分析,认为刑事政策应当以职务犯罪的成因为基础拓宽视野,立体构建应对措施,强化职务犯罪处遇措施的教育感化功能。最后,本文提出了关于职务犯罪刑事政策的基本立场,即：持续强化对职务犯罪“零容忍”理念,适当拓宽立法对职务犯罪的调整范围和幅度,充分发挥职务犯罪司法政策和执行政策的能动作用,有效兼顾刑事政策中的刑法人道思想。 第二章是职务犯罪的立法政策,主要是探讨了职务犯罪的犯罪化的标准,也就是职务犯罪圈的划定问题,以及职务犯罪的刑罚配置正当性、影响刑罚配置的因素等问题。在简要分析刑法需要介入的情形和其他犯罪的设罪标准的基础上,本章研究提出了对职务犯罪领域犯罪化的六类促进因素和三类制约因素,认为职务犯罪领域犯罪圈的扩大有深厚的政治、社会基础和现实需求,职务犯罪领域内的犯罪化也必然成为我国刑事立法的主流。针对职务犯罪领域的犯罪圈扩大化趋势,以贿赂犯罪为例,初步探讨这一趋势对贿赂犯罪立法的影响,提出了笔者的意见建议。在职务犯罪立法中的刑罚配置研究方面,通过评析报应论、功利论、并合论与职务犯罪刑罚配置的正当性问题,提出了笔者的基本立场。同时,立足于行为的社会危害性,本章研究分析了影响职务犯罪刑罚配置的六类因素,认为职务犯罪的刑罚配置要以报应为基点,以功利为追求,兼顾刑罚的公正与效益。最后,本章提出了对我国职务犯罪刑罚立法四个方面的调整建议,即逐步废除死刑设置,完善自由刑设置,完善财产刑设置,增设资格刑设置。 第三章是职务犯罪的司法政策,主要是对职务犯罪司法政策的概念、作用,职务犯罪司法政策的具体内容进行了研究。由于职务犯罪司法政策的内容主要体现在职务犯罪侦查、起诉和审判三个环节,为方便阐述,本章从工作职责分工的角度,对人民检察院、人民法院的职务犯罪司法政策作了初步梳理,分析提出了人民检察院的九类职务犯罪司法政策、人民法院的三类职务犯罪司法政策,并对其内容进行了简要概况。同时,本章还对我国现有职务犯罪司法政策进行了简要评价,认为目前有严厉惩处中存在人权保护不足的偏差、狠抓大要案中存在放纵小案的弊端、坚决慎重过程中存在过于谨慎的误区等六个方面的不足和偏差,影响了职务犯罪司法政策的最终落实效果。在此基础上,提出了对我国现有职务犯罪司法政策的改进建议,即惩治犯罪与人权保障并重,重点反腐与全面反腐并重,鼓励群众举报与强化安全保护并重,整合内部资源与强化国际协作并重,等等。 第四章是职务犯罪的执行政策(行刑政策),主要是探讨了职务犯罪执行政策的概念、内容、职务犯罪执行政策的基本立场、目前我国职务犯罪执行政策的现状及简要评价、对我国职务犯罪执行政策的调整建议等内容。在职务犯罪执行政策的具体划分方面,本章将其确定为职务犯罪的监禁刑执行政策、职务犯罪的社区矫正执行政策和职务犯罪的死刑执行政策,并对其具体内容进行了分析。在职务犯罪执行政策的基本立场方面,通过对刑事执行政策的基本立场转换沿革的梳理,提出了对职务犯罪的执行政策应选择分类弹性立场的观点。在对我国职务犯罪执行政策的现状进行简要评价的同时,本章也对未来职务犯罪执行政策的应然走向和完善也进行了分析。 第五章是职务犯罪刑事政策的评估,主要是探讨了职务犯罪刑事政策评估的内容、功能和意义,并对我国职务犯罪刑事政策的评估现状及其原因进行了分析,提出了改进我国职务犯罪刑事政策评估的具体建议。通过对职务犯罪刑事政策评估的内容、价值的分析,本章提出了评估工作在提升职务犯罪刑事政策品质等六个方面的积极意义,并进而指出了目前评估工作中存在理论对评估实践的指导严重不足、评估主体存在依附性和单一性、评估标准过于注重犯罪控制、评估外部环境需要进一步改善等现实困难和问题。在梳理问题存在原因的基础上,笔者依据自己的理解,提出了改进我国职务犯罪刑事政策评估的建议,包括构建完善职务犯罪刑事政策评估法律制度体系、构建完善职务犯罪刑事政策评估的标准和方法体系、构建完善我国职务犯罪刑事政策评估指标体系等等。
[Abstract]:Corruption is the common enemy of the government and the people of all countries in the world. As the most serious form of corruption, the crime of duty is the most serious form of corruption. In recent years, our country has shown a range of expansion, higher values and more frequent occurrence. In the face of the severe situation, our country has taken an unprecedented severe attitude and intensified its efforts. Criminal law is the most important legal system in our country. As one of the most important department laws, as the last line of defense for the investigation and prevention of duty crime, the threat of punishment and the deterrence function are almost the ultimate in the legislation, the judicature and the execution, but the effect of controlling the duty crime is not ideal. It is necessary for us to reflect on the system from the angle of the system. The important origin and the effective strategy of the crime, the criminal policy is of great significance in the control of the duty crime. In fact, the criminal law system of a country is the legalization of the criminal policy pursued by the state. The development and replacement of the criminal law theory and the choice of the theoretical standpoint are closely related to the criminal policy. On the basis of the existing criminal policy research results, this paper, based on the existing criminal policy research results, uses empirical analysis, value analysis, comparative analysis and other methods to study the related issues of the criminal policy of duty crime, and put forward specific suggestions for improvement. The full text is divided into five chapters except the introduction, which is 1. More than 3 thousand words.
The first chapter is the definition and summary of the criminal policy of the duty crime, which mainly defines the concept of the criminal policy, the duty crime and the criminal policy of the duty crime, and analyzes the causes of the duty crime and the influence of the causes on the criminal policy that should be taken in practice. The purpose of this paper is to put forward the basis for argumentation of this article through careful study of these three problems. In the evaluation of the concept, by comparing the relevant theories and theories, it clarifies the common points and differences of the concept, and puts forward the proposition of this article. At the same time, from four aspects of social factors, individual factors, cultural factors and legal factors, the causes of the crime of duty are summarized and analyzed, and the criminal policy should be based on the cause of the duty crime. In the end, the basic position of the criminal policy of duty crime is put forward, that is, to continue to strengthen the concept of "zero tolerance" to the duty crime, to widen the scope and scope of the adjustment of the crime of the duty offense and to give full play to the duty crime department. The dynamic role of legal policy and implementation policy can effectively take into account the humanitarian ideology of criminal law in criminal policy.
The second chapter is the legislative policy of the duty crime, mainly discussing the standard of the criminalization of the duty crime, the delineation of the duty crime circle, the justification of the punishment allocation of the duty crime, the factors affecting the penalty allocation, and so on. On the basis of the brief analysis of the circumstances in which the criminal law needs to intervene and the standards of the crime of other crimes, This chapter puts forward six kinds of promoting factors and three kinds of restrictive factors for the crime in the field of duty crime. It is believed that the expansion of the crime circle in the field of duty crime has a profound political, social foundation and practical needs, and the criminalization in the field of duty crime will inevitably become the mainstream of our criminal legislation. Taking the crime of bribery as an example, this paper preliminarily probes into the influence of this trend on the legislation of bribery crime and puts forward the author's suggestion. In the study of the penalty allocation in the legislation of the duty crime, the author puts forward the basic position of the author by evaluating the theory of retribution, utilitarianism, and the legitimacy of the joint theory and the allocation of the criminal penalty in the duty crime. Based on the social harmfulness of the behavior, this chapter studies and analyzes six kinds of factors affecting the penalty allocation of the duty crime, and thinks that the penalty allocation of the duty crime should be based on the retribution, taking utility as the pursuit, taking into account the justice and benefit of the penalty. Finally, this chapter puts forward the adjustment suggestions on the four aspects of the criminal penalty legislation of the duty crime in our country, that is, gradually The abolition of the death penalty, the improvement of free punishment, the improvement of property punishment and the establishment of qualification penalty.
The third chapter is the judicial policy of the duty crime. It mainly studies the specific content of the judicial policy of the judicial policy of the duty crime, and the specific content of the judicial policy of the duty crime. The contents of the judicial policy of the duty crime are mainly embodied in the investigation of the duty crime, the prosecution and the trial of three rings, for the convenience of elaboration, this chapter is from the angle of division of duty of work. The judicial policy of the people's Procuratorate and the people's Court of the people's court has been preliminarily combed, the judicial policy of the nine types of duty crime and the three kinds of judicial policies of the people's court are analyzed and put forward, and the contents of the judicial policy of the people's court are briefly introduced. At present, we think that there is a deviation from the insufficient protection of human rights in severe punishment, the shortcomings of the minor cases in the big case, and the inadequacy and deviation in six aspects, which are too cautious in the process of prudence, which affect the final implementation effect of the judicial policy of the duty crime. On this basis, the present job is put forward in our country. The suggestions for improving the judicial policy of the affair crime, that is, to punish crime and human rights protection, focus on the emphasis on anti corruption and comprehensive anti-corruption, encourage the masses to report and strengthen the security protection, integrate internal resources and strengthen international cooperation, and so on.
The fourth chapter is the implementation policy of the duty crime (execution Policy). It mainly discusses the concept, the content, the basic position of the implementation policy of the duty crime, the present situation and the brief evaluation of the current policy of executing the duty crime in our country, the suggestions for the adjustment of the implementation policy of the duty crime in our country, and the implementation policy of the duty crime. In this chapter, this chapter defines it as the execution policy of the imprisonment punishment for the duty crime, the implementation policy of the community correction and the execution of the death penalty in the duty crime, and analyzes its specific content. This chapter also puts forward the view that the implementation policy of the duty crime should choose the classified elastic position. At the same time, this chapter also gives a brief evaluation of the status of the implementation policy of the duty crime in China, and also analyses the trend and perfection of the implementation policy of the job crime in the future.
The fifth chapter is the evaluation of the criminal policy of the duty crime. It mainly discusses the content, function and significance of the evaluation of the criminal policy of the duty crime, and analyses the status and reasons of the evaluation of the criminal policy of the duty crime in our country, and puts forward some specific suggestions to improve the evaluation of the criminal policy of the duty crime in our country. The content and value analysis of the assessment, this chapter puts forward the positive significance of the evaluation work in six aspects, such as the promotion of the criminal policy quality of the duty crime, and then points out that the current evaluation work has a serious shortage of guidance for the evaluation practice, the existence of dependence and singleness of the evaluation subject, and the evaluation standard that pays too much attention to the crime control. On the basis of combing the reasons for the problem, the author, on the basis of combing the reasons for the problem, puts forward some suggestions to improve the criminal policy evaluation of the duty crime in China, including the construction of the system of perfecting the legal system of the evaluation of the criminal policy of the duty crime and the construction of the criminal policy evaluation of the job crime. The standard and method system should be set up to perfect our country's criminal policy evaluation index system of job-related crimes.
【学位授予单位】：武汉大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：D924.1
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本文编号：1944692