我国人体器官移植犯罪若干问题研究

发布时间：2018-06-30 10:01

本文选题：人体器官移植犯罪行为组 + 织出卖人体器官罪　；参考：《河南大学》2014年硕士论文

【摘要】：作为一项具有划时代意义的医学技术，器官移植手术在解决人类医疗领域内的很多难题，给我们带来众多好处的同时，也催生了诸多的社会问题和法律问题。尤其是在当前人体器官供体数量远远满足不了现实受体需要的背景下，人体器官移植犯罪成为了诸多问题中最难解决的问题。为保护公民的合法权益和打击人体器官移植犯罪活动提供法律依据，我国关于如何规制人体器官移植犯罪行为也经过了逐步发展的过程。在我国最先开始用法律来解决人体器官移植过程中所产生的问题是部分省市和地区。这些地方制定地方行政法规来规范人体器官移植活动，这些立法活动极大地推动了我国全国性统一法律的制定。2007年《人体器官移植条例》是我国第一部涉及人体器官移植的全国性法规，，该条例对非法买卖人体器官行为，非法摘取他人器官行为等人体器官移植危害行为都做出了规定，但是该条例作为一个行政法规难以从根本上遏制愈演愈烈的人体器官非法移植行为。为适应打击人体器官移植危害行为的客观需要，保障和谐社会建设，我国《刑法修正案（八）》第37条新增组织出卖人体器官罪等其他内容，这是我国首次将人体器官移植犯罪行为纳入了刑法规制的范围之内。本文以《刑法修正案（八）》第37条为视角分析我国人体器官移植犯罪的若干问题。除引言、结语、参考文献以及致谢部分外，本文共分为以下四个部分：第一部分：人体器官移植犯罪的概述。本部分将从概念、表现形式、特征三个方面对人体器官移植犯罪进行阐述。通说认为，人体器官移植犯罪并非是一种简单的犯罪行为，而是与器官移植有关的各种危害社会行为的总称。对这一类罪做出较为全面定义的是刘长秋学者，他关于人体器官移植犯罪的定义是立足于器官移植的整个过程中产生的各种具有严重社会危害性的行为。根据犯罪行为各自独特的表现形式对人体器官移植犯罪行为进行分类并分析人体器官移植犯罪行为的特征。第二部分：分析我国人体器官移植犯罪的立法进程与现状。2007年《人体器官移植条例》是我国第一次将人体器官非法移植行为在立法上予以明确，随后的《关于规范活体器官移植若干问题的规定》进一步规定了器官移植过程中可能涉嫌犯罪的情形。由于刑法中没有明确的罪名来规制人体器官移植犯罪行为，这些行政手段不具有足够的威慑性，我国立法者适时将人体器官移植危害行为认定为犯罪行为并做出具体的刑罚规定。《刑法修正案（八）》第37条新增组织出卖人体器官罪、并对非法摘取人体器官行为做出了规制。本部分重点将对第37条新增内容进行分析：对组织出卖人体器官罪的犯罪构成进行解读，并论述如何对非法摘取活体器官和非法摘取尸体器官行为进行认定。第三部分：我国人体器官移植犯罪的司法认定问题。本部分将分析组织出卖人体器官罪的犯罪形态、共同犯罪及其与相关罪名的界限认定；分析非法摘取人体器官行为中是否存在紧急避险行为。第四部分：我国人体器官移植犯罪的立法不足与完善。域外关于人体器官移植犯罪的刑法规制发展较早并且比较全面，为我国弥补自身立法不足提供了借鉴。针对我国人体器官移植犯罪立法上未保护精神病人的权利、刑罚处罚对象不全、尚有未规制的人体器官移植危害行为的不足，提出增加对精神病人的特殊保护、增设单位犯罪的规定及设置走私人体器官罪的立法完善建议。
[Abstract]:As an epoch-making medical technology, organ transplantation has brought many benefits to us in solving many difficult problems in the field of human medical treatment. It also brings out many social and legal problems, especially in the background that the number of human organ donors far can not meet the needs of the reality receptor. The crime of official transplantation has become the most difficult problem to be solved in many problems. In order to protect the legitimate rights and interests of citizens and to fight against the criminal activities of human organ transplantation, our country has gradually developed the process of regulating the crime of human organ transplantation. In our country, the first law to solve the transplantation of human organs has been started in our country. The problems arising in the course are some provinces and cities and regions. These places have formulated local administrative regulations to regulate human organ transplantation activities. These legislative activities have greatly promoted the formulation of the national unified law in China, which is the first national regulation of human organ transplantation in China for.2007. The illegal sale of human organs, illegal extirpation of other organs and other organs, such as human organ transplantation harm behavior have been made, but as an administrative regulation, it is difficult to fundamentally curb the increasingly intensified illegal transplanting of human organs. To meet the objective needs of combating the harmful behavior of human organ transplantation, the harmonious society is guaranteed. Construction, China's criminal law amendment (eight) > thirty-seventh new organizations to sell human organs and other contents, this is the first time that the crime of human organ transplantation has been included in the scope of the criminal law.
This paper analyzes some problems of human organ transplantation crime in our country with the view of the amendment of criminal law (eight) and thirty-seventh articles. In addition to the introduction, the conclusion, the reference and the acknowledgement, this article is divided into four parts.
The first part: an overview of the crime of human organ transplantation. This section will explain the crime of human organ transplantation from three aspects of concept, manifestation and characteristic. A more comprehensive definition is the Liu Changqiu scholar. His definition of human organ transplantation crime is based on all kinds of serious social harmfulness which is based on the whole process of organ transplantation. According to the unique manifestations of the criminal behavior, the crime of human organ transplantation is classified and the human organ transplant offense is analyzed. The characteristics of the act of guilt.
The second part: the analysis of the legislative process and status of human organ transplantation crime in China,.2007 year "human organ transplantation Ordinance >" is the first time in China to clarify the illegal transplanting of human organs. Because there is no clear crime in the criminal law to regulate the crime of human organ transplantation, these administrative means do not have enough deterrence. The lawmakers in our country identify the harmful behavior of human organ transplantation as a criminal act and make specific penalties. < criminal law amendment (eight) > > thirty-seventh new organizations sell the human body. The organ crime, and the illegal extraction of human organs have made a regulation. This part will focus on the analysis of the thirty-seventh new contents: the constitution of the crime of selling human organs, and how to identify the illegal extraction of living organs and the illegal extraction of organs.
The third part: the judicial identification of the crime of human organ transplantation in China. This part will analyze the crime form of the crime of selling human organs, the common crime and the limits of the related crimes, and analyze whether there is an emergency avoidance behavior in the illegal extirpation of human organs.
The fourth part: the legislative insufficiency and perfection of the crime of human organ transplantation in our country. The criminal law regulation on the crime of human organ transplantation is early and comprehensive, which provides the reference for our country to make up the deficiency of its own legislation. All, there is still an inadequacy of the harmful behavior of human organ transplantation, and puts forward some suggestions for increasing the special protection of mental patients, setting up the provisions of unit crime and setting up the legislation for the crime of smuggling human organs.
【学位授予单位】：河南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：D924.3

【参考文献】