我国刑法中恐怖活动组织问题研究

发布时间：2018-08-29 18:53

【摘要】：为了应对不断紧迫的反恐现状,各国在反恐怖主义犯罪立法层面上做了积极的应对。将特定人群的单纯组织集合的组织行为上升为实行行为,进而做犯罪化的处理。本质是将特定人群做出实行犯罪行为之前,先行判断其存在的危险性。这种立法模式虽然十分有利于防范和打击恐怖活动犯罪,但是也要认识到有侵犯到正当群体利益的危险性。所以,对恐怖活动犯罪组织的认定要采取审慎谦抑的态度。从现行的立法来看,恐怖活动组织犯罪仍存在概念界定不清、责任认定有争议等问题,这些十分不利于对恐怖活动组织的预防和打击。恐怖活动组织,是指以暴力、威胁、恐吓等手段,危害公共安全,扰乱社会秩序,以实现恐吓、要挟社会,政治或者政治倾向性的社会目的三人或者三人以上极为固定的犯罪组织。根据主体的不同,当前认定恐怖活动组织的模式主要分为两种:司法认定模式和行政认定模式,国际上这两种模式有逐渐融合的趋势。我国采取的是以行政认定为主,司法认定为辅的认定模式。恐怖活动组织犯罪成员包括首要分子、组织者、领导者、积极参加者和其他参加者。首要分子的行为主要包括组织行为、领导行为、策划行为、指挥行为。组织者是指为恐怖活动组织的组建为目的,通过策划、拉拢、培训安排将分散的人聚集起来的行为人。领导者则是在恐怖组织成立之后,负责恐怖组织日常活动的开展的统帅者。我国刑法中虽然是对整个恐怖活动犯罪组织进行定性惩处,但是成员内部由于分工与作用不同,应承担的刑事责任也是不同的。首要分子承担刑事责任应该按照主观责任原则和个人责任原则,责任范围应该是集团内部所犯罪行。具体来说,客观上,首要分子必须参与实施了犯罪行为。这里的实施不仅仅包括亲自实施,如果组织内部成员的实施在首要分子延续限定的集团犯罪而组织策划犯罪范围之内,也属于首要分子的实施内容。主观上,认识到组织内部犯的罪行是在他行为界定并且支配的范围之内,并且对这些行为的后果持希望或者放任的态度。在量刑上,对首要分子要采取罪责刑相适应原则和从严从重原则。我们通过《刑法修正案(九)》可以看出,当前我国恐怖活动犯罪刑事立法受安全刑法观和敌人刑法的影响较深,与国内国际的反恐形势相对照。但是,仍然在立法用语、罪名配置、刑罚配置上有很多地方需要完善。在此基础上笔者提出立法建议,力求对严厉打击恐怖活动组织犯罪有所裨益。
[Abstract]:In order to deal with the urgent situation of anti-terrorism, various countries have made positive response in the aspect of anti-terrorist crime legislation. The organization behavior of the simple group of organizations of a specific group is raised to practice behavior, and then criminalized. The essence is to judge the danger of a specific group of people before committing a crime. Although this kind of legislation mode is very helpful to prevent and crack down on the crime of terrorist activities, it should also recognize the danger of encroaching on the legitimate group interests. Therefore, the determination of terrorist criminal organizations should take a prudent and modest attitude. From the point of view of current legislation, there are still some problems such as unclear definition of the concept of organized crime of terrorist activities and controversial responsibility, which are very unfavorable to the prevention and strike against terrorist organizations. Terrorist organizations refer to the use of violence, threats, intimidation and other means to endanger public safety and disrupt social order in order to achieve intimidation and blackmail society. A criminal organization of three or more persons for political or politically-oriented social purposes. According to the difference of the subject, there are two main modes of identifying terrorist organizations: judicial confirmation and administrative recognition, which have a trend of gradual integration in the international community. Our country adopts the administrative cognizance primarily, the judicial cognizance as the auxiliary confirmation pattern. Criminal members of terrorist organizations include ringleaders, organizers, leaders, active participants and other participants. The behavior of ringleader mainly includes organizational behavior, leadership behavior, planning behavior and command behavior. The organizer refers to the person who gathers the scattered people through planning, soliciting and training for the purpose of organizing terrorist activities. The leader is the leader in charge of the daily activities of the terrorist organization after the establishment of the organization. Although the criminal law of our country carries on the qualitative punishment to the entire terrorist activity criminal organization, but the member internal because of the division of labor and the function is different, should bear the criminal responsibility is also different. Ringleaders should bear criminal responsibility according to the principle of subjective responsibility and individual responsibility, and the scope of responsibility should be crimes committed within the group. Specifically, objectively, the ringleader must be involved in the commission of the crime. The implementation here not only includes the personal implementation, but also belongs to the implementation content of the ringleader if the implementation of the internal members of the organization is within the scope of the group crime defined by the ringleader and the organization plans the crime. Subjectively, it is recognized that the crimes committed within the organization are within the scope of the definition and domination of other acts, and that there is a hopeful or laissez-faire attitude to the consequences of these acts. In sentencing, the ringleaders should adopt the principle of adaptation of crime, responsibility and punishment, and the principle of strict and serious punishment. Through the Criminal Law Amendment (9), we can see that the current criminal legislation of terrorist activities in our country is deeply influenced by the view of criminal law on security and the criminal law of the enemy, which is compared with the situation of anti-terrorism at home and abroad. However, there are still many areas to be improved in terms of legislation, charge allocation and penalty allocation. On the basis of this, the author puts forward legislative suggestions and tries to be helpful to crack down on the organized crime of terrorist activities.
【学位授予单位】：郑州大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：D924.3

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