我国终身监禁制度研究

发布时间：2018-10-29 08:59

【摘要】：近代以前的终身监禁并不是纯粹以剥夺人身自由为内容的刑罚方式,其更多地体现为苛酷的、恣意的身体刑和劳役刑。随着资本主义生产方式的产生和发展,人类文明步入近代历史。16世纪欧洲出现矫正院,18世纪自由刑在刑法典中明确规定。在此后漫长的刑罚发展史中,自由刑褪去“劳役”、“苦役”色彩,逐步发展为以教育改造为目的的现代刑罚。此间,终身监禁呈现两个方向的发展趋势。一方面,出现了假释等执行期间的变更,缓和了终身监禁的严厉性;另一方面,无假释终身监禁在一些国家广泛适用,成为替代死刑的最高刑罚。现今,终身监禁在多数国家的刑事立法中都被配置给了最严重的犯罪,涉及罪名主要集中在侵害生命权犯罪、危害公共安全犯罪以及政治、军事犯罪。中国的自由刑之缘起,可以追溯到古代的流刑和徒刑,但真正意义上的自由刑,却是一个舶来品。《大清新刑律》借鉴日本、德国刑法相关规定,将无期徒刑列为基本刑种。此后至今,各个历史时期的刑事法律均沿用这一规定。在当前严格控制死刑和从严惩处贪腐的社会背景下,《刑法修正案(九)》对严重贪污受贿犯罪增设终身监禁。我国的终身监禁制度在概念外延、法律性质、执行内容、适用对象等方面有别于国外终身监禁,独具中国特色。其并非一个独立刑种,而是依附于死刑缓期执行的一项刑罚措施,是死刑缓期执行制度的一种新类型。这项新制度旨在继续改善我国刑罚体系的结构性缺陷,贯彻“慎杀、少杀”的死刑刑事政策,在腐败犯罪刑事治理中实现罪刑均衡。研究终身监禁的司法适用,需要在把握该制度的法律定位和制度价值的基础上,分析法条文字、解读相关政策。结合两高新出的司法解释,终身监禁的适用条件相当严苛,虽在执行期间不适用减刑、假释,但死刑缓期执行期间的重大立功表现可以阻断终身监禁的适用。由于终身监禁的适用挤压了死刑立即执行的适用空间,加之刑法对贪污受贿罪定罪量刑标准和从宽处罚情节的修订,终身监禁的规定相比于原法条的规定更有利于被告人,终身监禁可以溯及适用于其生效前发生的贪污受贿犯罪。另外,赦免制度的存在不仅有利于终身监禁的执行,也能平衡刑罚的残酷性和极端性。终身监禁作为一项新的刑罚制度,却没有在刑法总则部分作出相应规定,而仅仅出现在分则贪污罪、受贿罪的法定刑中,该制度在立法上有进一步发展的空间。理性审视终身监禁的制度利弊,可以将终身监禁规定进刑法总则部分,列于第五十条关于死刑缓期执行变更的规定之后;将其适用范围扩展到其他死刑和无期徒刑条款,推动我国的刑罚改革进程;在刑法中增加有关赦免制度的规定,增设赦免请求权,在充分调动该制度优势的同时实现司法的妥当性。
[Abstract]:The life imprisonment before modern times is not a penalty that takes deprivation of personal liberty as the content, and it is more embodied in the cruel, wanton physical punishment and servitude. With the emergence and development of capitalist mode of production, human civilization entered the modern history. In the long history of penalty development, the free punishment gradually developed into a modern penalty with the aim of education reform, taking away the color of "servitude" and "hard labor". Here, life imprisonment presents two directions of development. On the one hand, there are changes in the execution period, such as parole, which alleviates the severity of life imprisonment; on the other hand, life imprisonment without parole is widely used in some countries and becomes the highest penalty to replace the death penalty. Nowadays, life imprisonment is allocated to the most serious crimes in the criminal legislation of most countries, which mainly focus on crimes of violating the right to life, endangering public safety, and political and military crimes. The origin of the free punishment in China can be traced back to the ancient flowing punishment and imprisonment, but the real free punishment is an import. The Great New Criminal Law draws lessons from the relevant provisions of the Japanese and German criminal laws and lists life imprisonment as the basic type of punishment. Since then, each historical period of criminal law has followed this provision. Under the social background of strictly controlling the death penalty and punishing corruption strictly, the Criminal Law Amendment (9) adds life imprisonment to the crime of serious embezzlement and bribery. The system of life imprisonment in our country is different from foreign life imprisonment in concept extension, legal nature, executive content, applicable object and so on. It is not an independent punishment, but a penalty measure attached to the suspended execution of the death penalty, which is a new type of the system of suspending execution of the death penalty. The purpose of the new system is to continue to improve the structural defects of our country's penal system, to carry out the criminal policy of "careful killing, less killing", and to achieve a balance between crime and punishment in the criminal control of corruption crimes. In order to study the judicial application of life imprisonment, it is necessary to grasp the legal position and system value of the system, analyze the text and interpret the relevant policies. Combined with the new judicial interpretation of the two high officials, the applicable conditions of life imprisonment are quite harsh. Although commutation and parole are not applicable during the execution period, the significant meritorious performance during the suspended execution of the death penalty can block the application of life imprisonment. Since the application of life imprisonment squeezes the space for the immediate execution of the death penalty and the revision of the criminal law on the conviction and sentencing criteria and lenient circumstances of the crime of corruption and bribery, the provision of life imprisonment is more favourable to the accused than the original provision of the law. Life imprisonment can be traced back to corruption and bribery offences committed prior to its entry into force. In addition, the existence of pardon system not only benefits the execution of life imprisonment, but also balances the cruelty and extreme nature of punishment. Life imprisonment, as a new penalty system, has no corresponding provisions in the general rules of criminal law, but only appears in the statutory punishment of corruption and bribery, which has room for further development in legislation. If we examine the advantages and disadvantages of the system of life imprisonment rationally, we can include life imprisonment in the part of the general principles of criminal law, after the provisions of Article 50 on the modification of the suspension of execution of the death penalty; To extend the scope of its application to other death penalty and life imprisonment provisions to promote the process of penal reform in our country; The provisions of pardon system are added to the criminal law and the right of request for pardon is added to realize the appropriateness of judicature while fully exerting the advantages of the system.
【学位授予单位】：江西财经大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D924.1

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