我国未成年人犯罪量刑规范化适用问题研究

发布时间：2019-01-21 17:23

【摘要】：随着未成年人犯罪日益严重，对其犯罪后的量刑适用问题也逐渐成为困扰司法审判实践的一大难题。尽管我国现行相关法律和司法解释早已确立了对未成年人犯罪量刑的指导思想和处罚原则，2010年最高人民法院也适时出台了《人民法院量刑指导意见》（以下简称《量刑指导意见》），之后两高和公安、国家安全、司法三部委联合发文《关于规范量刑程序若干问题的意见（试行）》，奠定了量刑规范化改革的法律基础，也拉开了刑事司法改革的序幕。《量刑指导意见》对十五种常见犯罪中的常用量刑情节进行了详细规范，并用以指导刑事审判中的量刑适用，但在未成年人犯罪量刑规范化适用上仍有很多问题。随着改革的逐渐深入，一些需要及时予以阐明澄清的分歧突显出来，成为亟需引导和处理的现实难题。在司法实践中，未成年犯的量刑适用是一项极其复杂的系统工程，虽然改革之初确实取得一定的成绩，，法官滥用自由裁量权的现象得到了一定的规范和改善，但量刑是否适当、个案是否合理仍是热议的焦点，因此科学合理的量刑适用不仅对已犯罪的未成年人有特殊预防作用，对一般预防更具有重大现实意义。笔者在文中，以我国未成年人犯罪量刑规范化适用的现存问题为出发点，通过具体案例深入剖析探讨未成年人其原因并就此提出了一些粗浅看法和改进的基本进路。本文正文分为三部分：第一部分提出量刑适用依据缺乏相对性、量刑过程简单机械和相关部门沟通协调不到位这三大现存主要问题。具体表现在常用量刑情节不周全、量刑用语无释明、强奸罪中赔偿不作为从轻处罚量刑情节、过分依赖《量刑指导意见》、电脑替代人脑、单处罚金适用少和过分抑制自由裁量权、侦查部门重定罪忽视量刑情节证据的收集、公诉机关未作好承接工作和辩护意见的极端化等诸多方面。第二部分是针对问题进行原因解析，进而指明立法指导缺失、审判人员自身素质和监督机关的监督错位是造成上述问题的主要原因，文章从忽视未成年人犯罪特殊性、不重视被害人因素、缺乏有针对性的指导文件和适用标准及对量刑情节功能限度无规定，到法官自身素质良莠不齐、基层院对上级法院的盲从，再到量刑建议书、量刑建议权等多方面对三大原因进行解析。第三部分则针对所述问题与原因，从实际出发并借鉴国际成功经验，提出设专章指导量刑适用包括制定专门的指导性文件、规范指导适用标准、完善自身素质建设及在侦查、审查起诉和审判三阶段规范未成年人犯罪量刑程序三大改进的基本进路。
[Abstract]:With the increasing seriousness of juvenile delinquency, the application of sentencing after the crime has gradually become a major problem puzzling the judicial practice. Although the current relevant laws and judicial interpretations of our country have already established the guiding ideology and the principle of punishment for juvenile delinquents, In 2010, the Supreme people's Court also issued the "sentencing guidance of the people's Court" (hereinafter referred to as "sentencing guidance"), followed by the two high levels, public security, and national security. The three ministries and commissions of the judiciary jointly issued opinions on a number of issues concerning the standardization of sentencing procedures (on a trial basis), which laid the legal foundation for the reform of the standardization of sentencing. It also kicked off the prelude to the reform of criminal justice. The sentencing guidance provides a detailed specification of the common sentencing circumstances among the 15 common crimes, and is used to guide the application of sentencing in criminal trials. However, there are still many problems in the standardized application of juvenile delinquency sentencing. With the deepening of the reform, some differences that need to be clarified and clarified in time are highlighted, and become a practical problem in urgent need of guidance and treatment. In judicial practice, the sentencing application of juvenile offenders is an extremely complex systematic project. Although certain achievements have been made at the beginning of the reform, the phenomenon of judges abusing discretion has been regulated and improved, but the sentencing is appropriate or not. Whether the case is reasonable or not is still the focus of heated discussion, so the scientific and reasonable application of sentencing not only has a special preventive role for minors who have committed crimes, but also has great practical significance for general prevention. In this paper, based on the existing problems in the standardization and application of sentencing of juvenile delinquency in China, the author makes a thorough analysis of the causes of juvenile delinquency through specific cases and puts forward some superficial views and basic ways of improvement. The text of this paper is divided into three parts: the first part puts forward three main existing problems: lack of relativity of applicable basis of sentencing, simple machinery of sentencing process and inadequate communication and coordination between relevant departments. The concrete manifestation is that the circumstances of sentencing in common use are not comprehensive, the terms of sentencing are not explained, compensation in the crime of rape is not regarded as a light punishment of sentencing circumstances, too much reliance on "sentencing guidance", computers to replace the human brain, Only fine is applied to less and too much restraining discretion, the investigation department neglects the collection of evidence of sentencing circumstances, the public prosecution fails to undertake the work well and the opinion of defense is extreme, and so on. The second part is to analyze the causes of the above problems, and then point out that the lack of legislative guidance, the quality of the judges themselves and the supervision dislocation of the supervisory organs are the main reasons for the above problems. The article neglects the particularity of juvenile delinquency. They do not attach importance to the factors of victims, lack targeted guidance documents and applicable standards, and have no provisions on the functional limits of sentencing circumstances, to the varying qualities of the judges themselves, to the blind adherence of the grass-roots courts to the higher courts, and then to the sentencing proposals. Sentencing suggestion right and so on many aspects to carry on the analysis to the three big reasons. In the third part, according to the problems and reasons mentioned above, from the practical point of view and drawing lessons from the international successful experience, the author puts forward a special chapter to guide the application of sentencing, including the establishment of special guidance documents, the standardization of guiding applicable standards, the improvement of the quality construction of oneself and the investigation in the field of investigation. Examining the three stages of prosecution and trial and standardizing the sentencing procedure of juvenile delinquency.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：D925.2;D924.13

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