人类冷冻胚胎的法律属性及其权属问题探析

发布时间：2018-07-16 11:32

【摘要】：2014年9月17日,江苏省无锡市中级人民法院就备受社会关注的“全国首例人体冷冻胚胎权属纠纷案”作出二审判决,标志着二审法院的判决产生既判力。虽然案件至此已经审结,但是由此引发的学术讨论却远未终结。本案两审法院作出的截然不同的判决,反映出我国人类冷冻胚胎相关立法的缺失。本案争议焦点的实质就在于冷冻胚胎的法律属性问题,就该点而言,我国现行法律没有任何明文规定。现有规章中,与此相关的规定仅有卫生部颁布的两部部门规章,即《人类辅助生殖技术规范》和《人类辅助生殖技术管理办法》。与此同时,受多种因素影响,不孕不育患者的数量呈逐年递增趋势。在如此严峻的社会形势下,研究人类冷冻胚胎的法律问题具有极其深刻的理论与现实意义。尤其是在中国,受儒家文化长期的影响,国人秉承“不孝有三,无后为大”的理念,在患有不孕不育症之后,对人工辅助生殖手术表现出更加强烈的需求。冷冻胚胎技术的出现,无疑是给这些家庭带去了福音。因此,我国更须及早对冷冻胚胎的法律属性定性,完善相关法律法规,满足社会生活的实际需要,维护人们的合法权益。关于人类冷冻胚胎的学说,有主体说,客体说和折中说。三种学说均有一定的理论依据且存在各自的支持者,结合生物科学、伦理哲学及宗教神学等学科理论并联系中外主流学说与法律规定展开探讨,即可发现主体说并不符合生物学、伦理学及宗教学对“人”的定义,且如若采纳主体说,以人类胚胎为研究对象的实验将会被禁止,我国医学事业的发展势必因此受到巨大影响。除此之外,堕胎行为亦会与杀人行为等同,妇女权益得不到保障,我国人口数量将失去控制,从而不利于人民生活安定和社会秩序的良好运行。而采纳中介说将彻底颠覆传统民法体系结构,就目前的情况而言,远未达到需要否定现有民法“人——物”二分体系的地步,盲目改革不仅对民法体系造成前所未有的冲击,还忽视了法解释学的功能,亦与法经济学理论相悖。相比之下,客体说中的伦理物说在遵循道德伦理的基础上,坚持现有民法二分体系的前提下,创造性地利用物格理念为人类胚胎提供了一种特殊的规制视角,以一种较为温和的方式推进法学理论改革。既然立法目的在于保障公民、法人的合法权益,正确调整权利人与义务人之间的法律关系,那么如若将冷冻胚胎定位为伦理物能够明确当事人的权利义务关系、解决双方矛盾纠纷,就没有必要将人类胚胎定位为“人”,更无必要在主客体之间创设第三类民法的范畴。然而,考虑到人类冷冻胚胎在本质上具有发展成人的潜在可能,在肯定其为物的同时,必须禁止一切有关冷冻胚胎的交易行为。所以,虽然人类冷冻胚胎是物,但并不能够具备财产属性,可将之定位为“非财产性物权”,并以特殊的方法对其进行规制。既然冷冻胚胎属于物,那么权利人理应享有相应的物权,权利有归属就易产生纠纷。有效的纠纷解决方案的提出,是研究的最终落脚点。简而言之,医院与患者之间就胚胎所有权归属产生纠纷时,应以术前协议为判决依据。在婚姻关系解除时,权属纠纷解决则需具体问题具体分析,坚持意思自治、联系实际、兼顾女方及其他弱势方利益的原则作出裁判。当权利人去世以后,冷冻胚胎的所有权依法可由其继承人继受取得,继承人的顺位与传统继承法上的顺位略有不同,所有继承人分为四个顺位,依次为配偶;父母;子女;兄弟姐妹、祖父母、外祖父母。若要解决法院处理该类案件无法可依的问题,立法部门尽快出台相应法律法规方是根本措施,其中最先需要确定的是在法律效力的层级赋予人类冷冻胚胎伦理物的法律属性。于详细的规则出台之前,可先行颁布原则性规范及辅助性规则,用以应对当下的社会问题。在相关法律制定、修改之际,坚持从多部部门法同时着手,以期形成一个相互配套的法律体系,从而更好地应对实际生活中发生的各种案件。
[Abstract]:In September 17, 2014, the intermediate people's Court of Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, made a two trial on the "first case of the country's first human frozen embryo rights dispute", which marks the judgment of the court of second instance. Although the case has been concluded at the end of the case, the discussion of the study has not been terminated. The court of two trials of the case made the case. The very different judgments reflect the lack of legislation on human frozen embryos in our country. The essence of the dispute in this case lies in the legal nature of the frozen embryo. At this point, the current law of our country has no explicit provisions. In the existing regulations, the relevant regulations are only the two department regulations promulgated by the Ministry of health, that is, "human" At the same time, the number of infertility patients is increasing year by year under the influence of many factors. Under such a severe social situation, the study of the legal problems of human frozen embryos is of profound theoretical and practical significance. Especially in China, it is Ru Jiawen. After the long term influence, the Chinese people, adhering to the concept of "unfilial and three," "after being infertile", have shown a stronger demand for artificial assisted reproductive surgery after suffering infertility. The emergence of frozen embryo technology is undoubtedly the gospel for these families. Therefore, our country must be more early on the legal attributes of frozen embryos and improve the quality of the law. Relevant laws and regulations meet the actual needs of social life and safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of people. The theory of human frozen embryos has the main body, object and compromise. The three theories have a certain theoretical basis and have their own supporters, combining the theories of biological science, ethical philosophy and religious theology and related to the mainstream of China and foreign countries. The study of the doctrine and the legal provisions can find that the subject theory does not conform to the definition of biology, ethics and the teaching of the "man", and if the subject is adopted, the experiment of the human embryo as the research object will be forbidden, and the development of the medical cause in our country will be greatly influenced. In addition, the abortion will also be killed with the murder. With the same behavior, the rights and interests of women are not guaranteed, the population number of our country will be out of control, which is detrimental to the stability of the people's life and the good operation of the social order. And the adoption of intermediary theory will completely subvert the traditional civil law system structure. As far as the current situation is concerned, it is far from the point that the existing civil law "man and material" two system is not determined. The blind reform not only caused an unprecedented impact on the civil law system, but also ignored the function of Law Hermeneutics, but also contradicted the theory of law and economics. In contrast, on the basis of following the moral ethics and adhering to the two system of the existing civil law, the object theory provides the creative use of the concept of matter grid for human embryos. A special angle of regulation to promote the reform of legal theory in a relatively mild way. Since the purpose of legislation is to guarantee the legal rights and interests of citizens and legal persons, and to correctly adjust the legal relations between the rights holders and the obligor, if the frozen embryo is positioned as an ethical substance, the rights and obligations of the parties can be clearly defined and the two sides can solve the problem. There is no need to locate human embryos as "human" or to create third categories of civil law between the host and the guest. However, considering that the human frozen embryo is in essence a potential for adult development, it is necessary to prohibit all transactions relating to frozen embryos while affirming it. The frozen embryo is a thing, but it can not have property property, it can locate it as "non property right", and regulate it in a special way. Since the frozen embryo belongs to the object, the right person should enjoy the corresponding property right, and the right has the right to belong to the dispute. The effective dispute settlement proposal is the final research. In short, when there is a dispute between the hospital and the patient on the ownership of the ownership of the embryo, the preoperation agreement should be the basis for the decision. In the case of the dissolution of the marriage, the settlement of the ownership disputes requires specific analysis, insisting on the autonomy, the practice, and the principle of taking into account the principle of the interests of the women and his disadvantaged parties. After the world, the ownership of the frozen embryo can be obtained by its successor. The succession of the successor is slightly different from that in the traditional inheritance law. All the successors are divided into four sequences, in turn, their spouses, parents, children, siblings, grandparents, and grandparents. It is the fundamental measure to introduce the relevant laws and regulations as soon as possible. The first need to determine the legal attribute of the human frozen embryo ethics is given at the level of legal effect. Before the introduction of the detailed rules, the principles and auxiliary rules can be promulgated to deal with the current social problems. At the same time, we must persist in starting from the multiple departmental law, with a view to forming a complementary legal system so as to better cope with all kinds of cases in real life.
【学位授予单位】：广西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D922.16

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