食品安全违法行为惩戒法律问题研究

发布时间：2018-07-21 16:14

【摘要】：2009年《中华人民共和国食品安全法》（以下简称《食品安全法》）正式颁布，该法的根本目的在于保障食品安全。但是自《食品安全法》颁布以来，我国食品安全事件频发的形势并未得到根本性扭转，反而有愈演愈烈的趋势。笔者认为我国《食品安全法》规定的惩戒制度效果不明显，并未起到遏制违法行为发生，震慑社会成员的效果。违法者实施食品安全违法行为的根本目的是获取违法利益，而《食品安全法》对违法行为的惩戒存在惩戒力度小、惩戒概率低等原因，造就了食品行业违法成本低、违法收益高的现象。要想切实改变我国食品安全事件频发的现状，唯有加大对食品安全违法行为的惩戒力度和惩戒概率，最大限度的降低违法收益，提高食品安全违法行为惩戒制度的实效性。本文正是从提高食品安全违法行为惩戒制度的实效性入手，分析现行立法对食品安全违法行为惩戒力度和惩戒概率方面存在的问题，并提出相应的完善建议。本文除引言和结语外，共三部分，约2万字。第一部分，食品安全违法行为惩戒的概述。首先，对食品安全、食品安全违法行为和食品安全违法行为惩戒等相关概念作出界定。其次，从《食品安全法》第9章和《中华人民共和国刑法》（以下简称《刑法》）对违法行为人法律责任的具体规定入手，分析食品安全违法行为人应承担的民事责任、行政责任和刑事责任。再次，提出食品安全违法行为惩戒的功能，即：遏制违法行为的再次发生；维护社会公共利益；维护正常的市场竞争秩序。最后，对影响惩戒效果的因素进行分析。提出食品安全违法行为惩戒能否产生预期效果，主要取决于惩戒的力度和惩戒的概率。第二部分，食品安全违法行为惩戒的现状。从惩戒的力度和惩戒的概率两方面分析当前食品安全违法行为惩戒缺乏实效性的原因。首先，在惩戒的力度上存在以下问题：“十倍赔偿制度”赔偿数额过低、计算方式过于刚性；行政责任罚款数额不高，法律责任规定过于笼统，没有区分故意和过失、惯犯和初犯、企业和个人；刑事责任自由刑量刑过轻，罚金处罚力度低，责任性质定位不准，处罚范围过窄，资格刑缺失。其次，在惩戒的概率方面存在以下问题：监管能力不足，主要表现在人力资源不足和检验能力差等方面；监管积极性不高，主要表现在监管机关的职责划分不清，行政处分缺乏制度性规定，欠缺适当的激励措施。第三部分，提高食品安全违法行为惩戒实效性的建议。这部分基于第三部分提出的惩戒概率和惩戒力度存在的法律问题，提出相应的完善建议。首先，在提高惩戒力度方面：一是确立以消费者的实际损害为赔偿数额的判断标准，规定十倍赔偿罚款的上下限额，确定较为灵活的赔偿金计算方式等措施完善十倍赔偿制度；二是通过对行政处罚做出阶梯式的规定，加大行政案件的处罚力度，细化法律责任规定；三是规范食品安全犯罪的刑法规定，在刑法分则规定的危害公共安全类犯罪之下，专门设立一节——“危害食品安全罪”，将已有的生产、销售不符合安全标准的食品罪和生产销售有毒有害食品罪吸收进来，同时加入对过失行为、预备行为和运输贮存等环节违法行为的处罚，增设对食品安全犯罪的资格刑规定，形成食品安全全方位的保护；四是建立食品安全强制保险制度，缓解惩戒力度提高所造成的负面效应。其次，在提高惩戒概率方面提出以下建议：通过提高监管机构的人力资源配备和检验能力，建立独立的食品安全检验检测中心，引入第三方监管等措施提高监管能力；通过完善食品安全行政问责制度、健全食品安全绩效考核制度提高监管积极性。
[Abstract]:In 2009 , the Food Security Law of the People ' s Republic of China ( hereinafter referred to as " Food Security Law " ) was promulgated formally . The fundamental purpose of this law is to guarantee the food safety . However , since the promulgation of the Food Security Law of the People ' s Republic of China , the situation in China ' s food security laws has not been reversed , and the effect of illegal earnings has been increased .

In addition to the introduction and conclusion , this paper consists of three parts , about 20,000 words .

In the first part , the author defines the relevant concepts such as food safety , illegal behaviors of food safety and the discipline of food safety violations . Secondly , the article analyses the civil liability , administrative responsibility and criminal responsibility of the person who violate the legal responsibility of the illegal person from Chapter 9 of the Food Security Law and the Criminal Law of the People ' s Republic of China ( hereinafter referred to as the Criminal Code ) .
To safeguard the public interests of the society ;
To maintain the normal market competition order . Finally , the factors that influence the disciplinary effect are analyzed . It is pointed out whether the punishment of food safety violation can produce the expected effect , which depends mainly on the strength of discipline and the probability of discipline .

In the second part , the present situation of the discipline of food safety violations is analyzed . The reasons for the lack of effectiveness are analyzed from two aspects : the strength of punishment and the probability of discipline . First , there are the following problems in the strength of punishment : the compensation amount of the " ten times compensation system " is too low and the calculation method is too rigid ;
The fine amount of the administrative responsibility is not high , the legal liability provisions are too general , and there is no distinction between intentional and negligent , habitual and primary offenders , enterprises and individuals ;
The penalty for free punishment of criminal responsibility is too light , the punishment of fine gold is low , the responsibility property is inaccurate , the punishment scope is too narrow , the qualification penalty is missing . Secondly , there are the following problems in the probability of punishment : insufficient supervision ability , mainly in the aspects of insufficient human resources and poor inspection ability ;
The enthusiasm of supervision is not high , mainly manifested in the division of responsibilities of the supervisory authority , the lack of institutional provisions for administrative sanctions , and the lack of appropriate incentives .

In the third part , the suggestion of improving the effectiveness of the disciplinary action of food safety violations is proposed . This part is based on the legal problems existing in the third part of disciplinary probability and disciplinary strength , and puts forward the corresponding improvement suggestions . First , in the aspect of improving the strength of punishment : firstly , to establish the criterion of judging the actual damage of the consumer as the compensation amount , the up - and - down limit of the compensation fine of ten times is established , and the more flexible compensation system is established .
Second , through the step - by - step provision for administrative punishment , the punishment of administrative cases should be strengthened and the legal liability provisions are refined ;
The third is to regulate the criminal law of food safety crime , under the crime of endangering public security under the provisions of the criminal law , a special section of " crimes against food safety " is established , the existing production and sale are not in conformity with the food crime of safety standard and the crime of producing and selling toxic and harmful food , meanwhile , the punishment for the illegal act , preparation behavior and transportation storage are added , so as to add the qualification punishment for the food safety crime , so as to form the comprehensive protection of food safety ;
The fourth is to establish the system of compulsory insurance for food safety and to alleviate the negative effects caused by the increase of disciplinary strength . Secondly , the following suggestions are put forward in order to improve the probability of corrections : by improving the human resources allocation and inspection ability of the supervisory organization , establishing an independent food safety inspection and testing center , introducing third - party supervision and other measures to improve the regulatory capacity ;
By improving the administrative accountability system of food safety , perfecting the system of performance assessment of food safety and improving the enthusiasm of supervision .
【学位授予单位】：西南政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：D922.16

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