中国近代公共卫生法制研究（1905-1937）

发布时间：2018-10-30 15:13

【摘要】：卫生行政体系的建立是清末制度变革的一部分，从清末新政发轫，到民初的承接与发展，最终于1937年形成了比较完善的卫生法律体系，现代意义上的公共卫生法制开始落地生根，并改变着民众观念，规范民众生活，重塑着民族与国家。 本文首先通过回溯中国古代卫生法制，说明近代以来卫生立法具有的一定社会历史基础与渊源。随着近代社会的急剧转型，“卫生”涵义出现了新变化，以日本卫生行政制度为模板，卫生即“强国”，卫生即“公共卫生”的观念被传入中国，这直接决定并影响着近代卫生行政和卫生立法的走向。 其次，清末建立起卫生行政制度，并初步形成了卫生法律体系，以1911年东北鼠疫治理为契机，以防疫为主的公共卫生开始从无到有、从地方性立法向国家性立法过渡。由于社会转型以及政局动荡的深层因素影响，民国初的中央和地方卫生行政机构并不稳定，曾几度裁撤。即使如此，公共卫生法律的制定与实施仍卓有成效，不仅公共卫生立法的范围进一步扩大，，专业化、技术性规范日益成为公共卫生立法的重点。与清末相比，防疫、医师登记、环境、饮食、饮水类等公共卫生法规都形成了体系，更重要的是基本勾画出了民国公共卫生法律制度的概貌。 再次，从两个层面对对近代公共卫生法律制度的实施状况做了分析，一是描述了近代卫生警察制度的建立与发展，剖析其在公共卫生法律法规的施行过程中是如何发挥作用的，它是如何以公共卫生为载体，将行政权力逐步深入到社会、干预并改变着民众生活的。二是通过对清末卫生自治到民国卫生运动发展的过程梳理，来了解公共卫生在国家强制力的保障下，在国家的形成过程中的地位和发挥的影响力。相对于其他部门法规而言，公共卫生法规来得更直接，更具体，更细微，它无时无刻不体现着国家权力的参与，它将原本外在的法律规范内化为了人们的生活习惯。 最后，本文在以上分析的基础上，也勾勒出了近代公共卫生法制建设的一个中心与两条主线：中心是近代国家建构下卫生行政与公共卫生法制的必然发展趋向；一条主线是公共卫生法制发展与“科学化”的关系，即秉持弃中医而取西医的立法思路；一条主线是公共卫生法制发展与“现代性”的关系，即建立防疫为主体的国家卫生行政和公共卫生法律体系。由此可以清晰地发现近代公共卫生法制建设的五大基本特点，这有助于对近代公共卫生法制建设的成就与局限有总体的认识。 近代社会的巨大变革，造成了理想与现实的严重背离，从公共卫生法制的建设来看，政府固然有这样的决心，奈何积贫积弱的国家现实并不具备充裕的条件，决定了大量公共卫生法规只能属于一种建构性规则。纵观近代公共卫生法制的发展，无论是立法的一波三折还是现实中的实施状况，可谓纷繁复杂，跌宕起伏，从一个侧面真实展现了近代国家转型的艰难。在制度蓝图与国情现状的两难之中，公共卫生法制的建设好似蜗行蛙步，但却一直为着国家民族“再造”的目标在努力，成就也罢，不足也罢，都给后人留下了启迪。
[Abstract]:The establishment of the health administrative system is part of the reform of the system of the late Qing Dynasty. From the new policy of the end of the Qing Dynasty to the reception and development of the people's beginning, the perfect health legal system was formed in 1937, the public health legal system in the modern sense began to take root and changed the people's idea. Standardize the people's life and rebuild the nation and the country. This paper first tries to explain the social and historical foundation of health legislation since modern times by tracing back to ancient China's ancient health law. With the rapid transformation of modern society, the connotation of health has changed, and the concept of health, health and public health has been introduced into China in Japan's health administrative system, which directly decides and affects modern health administration and health legislation Second, the establishment of the health administration system in the late Qing Dynasty and the preliminary establishment of the health legal system, taking the northeast of 1911 as an opportunity, the public health started with epidemic prevention started from the absence, from the local legislation to the country As a result of the social transformation and the deep factor of political instability, the central and local health administration institutions in the early Republic of China are not stable. Even so, the formulation and implementation of public health law is still fruitful, not only the scope of public health legislation is further expanded, but the specialization and technical specification are becoming public health increasingly The legislation focuses on public health legislation such as epidemic prevention, doctor registration, environment, diet and drinking water as compared with the end of the Qing Dynasty, and more importantly, the public health law of the Republic of China is drawn up basically. This paper analyzes the implementation status of modern public health law system from two aspects, and describes the establishment and development of modern health police system, and analyzes its implementation process in public health laws and regulations. How to play a role is how to take public health as the carrier, gradually deepen the administrative power deeply into the society, intervene and The purpose of changing people's life is to understand public health in the process of the formation of the state by combing through the process of the development of the health movement in the late Qing Dynasty to the development of the health movement of the Republic of China in the Republic of China. The influence of public health legislation is more direct, more specific and subtle relative to other sectoral regulations. It does not reflect the participation of state power, and it will be translated into the original legal norms. Finally, on the basis of the above analysis, this paper outlines a central and two main lines of modern public health legal system construction: the center is the health administration and public construction under the construction of modern state. The main line is the relationship between the development of the legal system of public health and the scientific relation, i.e. the idea of taking western medicine by discarding traditional Chinese medicine. The main line is the relationship between the development of public health legal system and modernity, namely, the establishment of the national health which is the subject of epidemic prevention. Administrative and public health legal system. This can clearly discover the five basic characteristics of modern public health legal system construction, which helps to construct the legal system of public health in modern times. Achievement and limitation have a general understanding. The great change of modern society has caused serious deviation from ideal and reality. From the construction of public health legal system, the government has such determination, which is weak and weak. The country's reality does not have sufficient conditions to determine a large number of public defenders The birth regulations can only belong to a constructive rule. Throughout the development of modern public health law, whether it is a three-fold or a realistic implementation of legislation, it is complicated, falling and falling down, from one side to another. In the dilemma of the system blueprint and the present situation of national conditions, the construction of the public health legal system is like a frog step, but it has always been the goal of the national 鈥淩eengineering鈥

本文编号：2300357