我国大陆和台湾地区行政赔偿制度之比较

发布时间：2019-01-17 12:14

【摘要】：行政赔偿制度是国家赔偿法的核心内容，也是行政救济制度的重要组成部分，为保障公民、法人和其他组织的合法权益起到了极大的作用。然而，自该制度实施以来，由于历史条件、现实状况等多种因素的制约，尽管经过两次修改，，但是我国大陆地区的行政赔偿制度仍有不足，具体表现在归责原则、赔偿范围、赔偿程序和赔偿机关方面。本文力图从我国目前的实际情况出发，在比较大陆与台湾相关制度的基础上，探讨具有可行性的意见，为完善行政赔偿制度提供参考。主要包括以下内容：第一部分，比较大陆与台湾的归责原则。参照世界各国通行的归责原则，通过对大陆现行归责原则的分析，发现单一的归责原则引发了诸多问题，而台湾的双重归责原则带来了启示，最终明确应建立以违法归责原则为主的多元化归责体系。第二部分，比较大陆与台湾的赔偿范围。台湾地区的立法参照日、韩等国，囊括了公有公共设施致害引起的赔偿。针对我国大陆地区赔偿范围较窄，建议将公有公共设施、抽象行政行为、裁量性行政行为、内部行政行为、行政不作为引起的损害纳入行政赔偿的范围。第三部分，比较大陆与台湾的赔偿程序。首先是先行处理程序。台湾的“协议先行”将赔偿义务机关与赔偿请求人置于同等法律地位，这种行政意识弱化的方式极大地限制了行政机关作出单方决定的可能。本文认为应当通过法律具体规定赔偿机关受理申请的程序，以及明确先行处理程序的操作规范等。其次，在赔偿诉讼程序中，除了行政和司法途径之外，还可参照台湾增加通过民事诉讼获得国家赔偿的方式。最后为追偿程序。台湾使用的是更为谨慎的“求偿”字样，与台湾相比，大陆地区的追偿规定不允许公务员提起诉讼，不利于保障公务员的个人权益。建议可借鉴台湾地区的此项规定。第四部分，比较大陆与台湾的赔偿义务机关。可参照台湾的立法规定，在政府之外，设立相对独立的赔偿委员会，专门受理侵权损害赔偿请求。
[Abstract]:The system of administrative compensation is the core content of the state compensation law and an important part of the administrative relief system, which plays a great role in protecting the legal rights and interests of citizens, legal persons and other organizations. However, since the implementation of the system, due to historical conditions, reality and other factors, although twice modified, the administrative compensation system in mainland China is still inadequate, which is embodied in the principle of imputation, the scope of compensation, and so on. Procedures and organs for compensation. Based on the comparison of the relevant systems between mainland China and Taiwan, this paper tries to discuss the feasible opinions on the basis of the actual situation of our country at present, so as to provide a reference for perfecting the administrative compensation system. Mainly includes the following contents: the first part, compares the mainland and Taiwan's imputation principle. Referring to the common principle of imputation in the world, through the analysis of the current principle of imputation in mainland China, it is found that the single principle of imputation has caused many problems, while the principle of double imputation in Taiwan has brought enlightenment. Finally, it is clear that we should establish a pluralistic imputation system based on the principle of illegal imputation. The second part compares the scope of compensation between mainland China and Taiwan. Taiwan's legislative reference date, South Korea and other countries, including public facilities caused by compensation. In view of the narrow scope of compensation in mainland China, it is suggested that the damages caused by public utilities, abstract administrative acts, discretionary administrative acts, internal administrative acts and administrative omissions should be brought into the scope of administrative compensation. The third part compares the compensation procedure between mainland China and Taiwan. The first is the first processing procedure. Taiwan's "agreement first" puts the organ of compensation obligation and the claimant of compensation on the same legal status. This way of weakening administrative consciousness greatly limits the possibility that the administrative organ can make unilateral decision. The author thinks that the procedure of accepting the application by the compensation organ should be specified by law, as well as the operation standard of the procedure of dealing with the procedure in advance. Secondly, in compensation proceedings, in addition to administrative and judicial channels, we can also refer to the increase in Taiwan through civil proceedings to obtain state compensation. The last is the procedure of recovery. Taiwan uses the word "claim" more carefully. Compared with Taiwan, the mainland's recovery rules do not allow civil servants to file lawsuits, which is not conducive to protecting the individual rights and interests of civil servants. The suggestion may draw lessons from this regulation in Taiwan. The fourth part, compares the compensation obligation organs between the mainland and Taiwan. According to Taiwan's legislation, a relatively independent compensation commission should be set up outside the government to deal with tort claims.
【学位授予单位】：西南政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：D922.1

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