新西兰药用民族植物学探究

发布时间：2018-03-19 13:06

本文选题：民族植物学　切入点：药用民族植物学　出处：《山东大学》2014年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：民族植物学(Ethnobotany)是研究不同民族的人们在其特定的社会、文化背景下,如何利用当地植物的一门科学。民族植物学是一门涉及多学科的科学。从原始地对植物利用情况的记录开始,民族植物学已经经历了萌芽和奠基阶段、形成阶段、发展阶段和成熟阶段四个阶段,现代民族植物学的概念已经完全确立；而在研究方法上,除了原有的定性研究不断发展以外,定量研究方法等也不断地得到创立并植入民族植物学的研究中。民族植物学研究目前所面临的问题是,民族传统知识和经验随着前辈们的衰老和死亡急剧“退化”,在全球植物物种逐渐减少和灭绝的趋势下,民族植物学研究已具有相当的急迫性。其中药用民族植物学(Medical Ethnobotany)是民族植物学的重要组成部分,是研究传统医药体系中植物药的一门科学,它涉及到植物药的种类鉴定、传统分类、编目,以及活性成分的分离提取、药理学研究等学科。本文通过文献研究对新西兰药用民族植物学发展概况进行了描述,其中包括对新西兰民族植物学发展历史和现状的研究,以及对新西兰主要药用植物的种类和用途等信息进行了总结；此外,还将新西兰的民族植物学研究与中国的进行对比,突出了各自的特点并为中国的相关研究提供了参考。另外,本文简单介绍了新西兰在生物多样性保护方面做出的努力和保护现状,并对新西兰药用民族植物学发展进行了展望。新西兰与其他大陆隔绝,其地理环境的复杂与独特也导致其生物类群的独特性。从十八世纪开始,就陆续有西方探险家来到新西兰并记录了若干当地的动植物的使用情况；但同时西方人的进入也导致了毛利人传统宗教和社会模式的毁坏。此外,引进大型的哺乳动物直接威胁到了本地的食物网,外来的入侵植物也给本地植物带来了威胁。因此,新西兰外来人口迁入的过程就是其原本的生态系统逐渐被破坏的过程,其独特的动植物资源很多都还在未被发现或研究时就已经消失,还有相当一部分正在受到威胁或濒临灭绝,这反映了新西兰民族植物学研究的必要性和紧迫性。新西兰现代的民族植物学研究主要包括不同地区对植物的使用,以及每种植物具体的使用方式两个方面。新西兰当代民族植物学,尤其是药用民族植物学,与我国传统草药使用的历史、现状以及未来的发展有着重要的共同点。在现代,这些体系均在西方文化的影响下都受到了极大的怀疑和挑战。面对这样的现状,新西兰人对Rongoa传统的传承方式进行了竭力的保护和延续,并对毛利人所拥有的民族植物学知识的知识产权归属问题进行了充分的考量；此外,新西兰的民族植物学研究都采用了与毛利社群紧密合作的方式,保证了其研究能够充分、透彻,并反映毛利人本身的观点。我国在传统医药使用的延续以及民族植物学保护可以从这些方面得到很大的启发。
[Abstract]:Ethnobotany (ethnobotany) is the study of people of different nationalities in their specific social and cultural backgrounds. How to make use of a science of local plants. Ethnobotany is a science involving many disciplines. From the record of the utilization of plants in the original land, ethnobotany has gone through the stage of germination and foundation, forming stage. In the four stages of development and maturity, the concept of modern ethnobotany has been fully established. In terms of research methods, in addition to the continuous development of the original qualitative research, Quantitative research methods have also been continuously established and embedded in ethnobotany research. The problems faced by ethnobotany research at present are, National traditional knowledge and experience have been rapidly "degraded" by the aging and death of older generations, in the context of the global decline and extinction of plant species, Medical ethnobotany is an important part of ethnobotany, and it is a kind of science to study the traditional medicine system, which involves the identification of the species of phytopathics, which is an important part of ethnobotany, and is an important part of ethnobotany, which is an important part of ethnobotany, which is involved in the identification of the species of phytopathics. Traditional classification, cataloguing, separation and extraction of active components, pharmacological research and so on. This paper describes the development of medicinal ethnobotany in New Zealand, including the development history and present situation of ethnobotany in New Zealand. In addition, the ethnobotanical studies in New Zealand are compared with those in China. In addition, this paper briefly introduces New Zealand's efforts in biodiversity conservation and the status quo of conservation, and prospects the development of New Zealand medicinal ethnobotany. New Zealand is isolated from other continents, and the complexity and uniqueness of its geographical environment also lead to the uniqueness of its biota. Since 18th century, Western explorers have come to New Zealand and recorded the use of a number of local animals and plants; But at the same time, the entry of Westerners also led to the destruction of Maori traditional religious and social models. In addition, the introduction of large mammals directly threatened the local food web, and foreign invasive plants posed a threat to native plants. The process of migration is the gradual destruction of its original ecosystem, and many of its unique animal and plant resources have disappeared before they have been discovered or studied. A significant number are threatened or endangered, reflecting the necessity and urgency of ethnobotany research in New Zealand. The modern ethnobotany research in New Zealand mainly includes two aspects: the use of plants in different regions and the specific use of each plant. Contemporary ethnobotany in New Zealand, especially medicinal ethnobotany, There are important things in common with the history, current situation and future development of traditional herbal medicine in our country. In modern times, these systems are all subject to great suspicion and challenge under the influence of western culture. The New Zealanders have made great efforts to protect and perpetuate the traditional way of Rongoa, and have given due consideration to the ownership of intellectual property rights of the ethnobotanical knowledge held by Maori; in addition, Ethnobotanical research in New Zealand has been conducted in close collaboration with the Maori community, ensuring that its research is adequate and thorough. The continuation of traditional medicine and the protection of ethnobotany in China can be greatly inspired from these aspects.
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：R282.71

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