301条款、337条款与中美贸易中的知识产权争端

发布时间：2018-03-25 20:30

本文选题：中美贸易　切入点：知识产权　出处：《东北财经大学》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：20世纪90年代,世界经济两大突出的时代特征就是“经济全球化”和“知识经济”,两者交融表现就是知识产权,它已成为技术标准和技术性贸易壁垒的重要支撑,成为连接技术与经济贸易的纽带。知识产权不仅渗透到货物贸易和服务贸易之中,还逐渐发展成一种在全球范围内流动的独立的贸易活动——知识产权贸易,并在国际贸易和国际投资中发挥着越来越重要的作用,在WTO框架之下,它上升成为国际贸易的三大支柱之一。在技术为导向的国际市场中,知识产权的排他性和固有的垄断性使知识产权保护成为一种贸易政策和壁垒,扭曲了发展中国家的正常经济发展并对其进出口贸易产生了巨大影响。自中美建交以来,知识产权就是中美经贸关系的一个重要组成部分,中美之间也从未停止过知识产权贸易争端。上个世纪90年代末,美国贸易代表曾多次指出中国的国内市场仿冒和盗版问题十分严重并给美国企业、个人造成了巨额经济损失。美国频繁运用“301条款”针对我国国内知识产权保护问题向我国政府施压,并进行贸易报复和制裁,两国经贸关系一度十分紧张。这期间双方主要通过磋商的方式解决两国之间的争议,并达成了多份知识产权谅解备忘录。通过这种方式,两国在知识产权保护领域的矛盾与摩擦有效地得到了化解。入世以后,中美两国的贸易日益频繁,规模日益扩大,美国对华贸易逆差逐年增加,贸易摩擦也随之不断积累,尤其是在知识产权领域的争端不断升级。美国作为世界上最大的发达国家,有着最严格的知识产权保护和完善的相关法律法规,贸易体制高度立法化。而中国作为一个发展中的大国,知识产权法律起步较晚,仍处于尚未成熟的阶段,不可能完全达到美国同样的标准,立法、司法、执法等方面还存在着许多漏洞。尽管入世后我国已经从这些方面进行了一系列的修改和补充,但美国对中国知识产权保护现状的不满情绪有增无减。在中美知识产权贸易中,美国愈来愈多的转向动用“337条款”提起诉讼和谈判,试图通过337调查在其国内市场筑起高高的知识产权壁垒,达到限制进口中国产品的目的。中美知识产权贸易争端愈演愈烈。中美知识产权贸易争端已经严重损害了两国的经贸关系,由于争端是在我国对外开放加深、中美经贸关系迅速发展中而生,所以我们应该在保持中美经贸关系继续发展中解决分歧。我们需要建立一个由政府、行业及企业构成的系统性体系,三者联手协作,提高我国出口商品竞争力,从根本上减少和化解外贸知识产权争端,方能使我国在国际知识产权战略中占据制高点。本文主要阐述了美国与知识产权保护密切相关的法律条款贸易法“301条款”和关税法“337条款”的法律变革、主要内容和特点,并将这两个条款进行比较,分析了美国对华越来越多地由动用“301条款”转向“337条款”、即由保护本国产品在国外市场的利益为主转向了限制外国产品进入其市场为主的原因,这一转变为我国产品进入美国市场设置了重大的障碍,必须认真对待。并且探讨了中美知识产权贸易争端不断的原因,认为不仅归咎于美国自身经济、政治等多方面因素,中国也存在多方面的责任。最后,根据前面的分析,对解决争端措施从政府和企业两个层面提出了一些解决措施,认为政府应该加强法律建设和提高执法力度、实施知识产权战略等,提供一个良好的政策和法律环境；企业应该提高知识产权保护意识、增强自主创新能力、培养应诉技巧,积极应对美国诉讼,并且建立预警机制做到未雨绸缪。
[Abstract]:In 1990s, the era of the two prominent features of the world economy is "economic globalization" and "knowledge economy" and the combination of the two is intellectual property, it has become an important support for the technical standards and technical barriers to trade, become connecting technology and economic and trade ties. Intellectual property rights not only to infiltrate the trade of goods and services. Has gradually developed into a flow in the global scope of the independent trade -- property rights trade knowledge, and in the international trade and international investment plays an increasingly important role, in the WTO framework, it has risen to become one of the three pillars of international trade in technology oriented international market, monopoly of the exclusivity of intellectual property and inherent to the protection of intellectual property rights has become a kind of trade policy and trade barriers, the normal economic development of developing countries and the distortion of the import and export trade It has a great impact.
Since the establishment of diplomatic relations, an important part of intellectual property rights is the Sino US economic and trade relations between China and the US, have never stopped the intellectual property trade disputes. The last century at the end of 90s, the United States trade representative has repeatedly pointed out Chinese domestic market counterfeiting and piracy problem is very serious and give us businesses, individuals caused huge economic losses. The frequent use of "section 301" to solve the problem of domestic intellectual property protection in China to put pressure on the government of China, and trade retaliation and sanctions, bilateral economic and trade relations were strained. During this period both sides through consultations way to solve disputes between the two countries, and reached a memorandum of understanding on intellectual property rights. In this way, the two countries in the protection of intellectual property rights conflict and friction field effectively has been resolved.
After entering WTO, Sino US trade has become increasingly frequent, the increasing size, the US trade deficit with China has increased year by year, trade friction also will continue to accumulate, especially in the field of intellectual property dispute escalated. In developed countries the United States as the world's largest, with the most stringent protection of intellectual property rights and perfect relevant laws and regulations. The legislation of the trade system. And the China height as a developing country, intellectual property law started late, is still in the immature stage, can not fully meet the same standards, legislation, law enforcement and other aspects, there are still many loopholes. Although after China's entry into WTO from these aspects a series of modifications and additions, but the United States on the current situation of intellectual property protection Chinese discontent unabated. In Sino US intellectual property rights trade, the United States more and more to use "337 "Litigation" and "negotiation", trying to build up high intellectual property barriers through the 337 investigation in China's domestic market to achieve the goal of restricting the import of Chinese products. Sino US intellectual property rights trade disputes intensified.
Sino US intellectual property rights disputes have seriously damaged the trade relations between the two countries, due to the dispute is to deepen in the reform and opening up, the rapid development of Sino US economic and trade relations and health, so we should keep on Sino US economic and trade relations continue to resolve differences in development. We need to establish a government, industry and enterprises constitute the system of the system. Three collaboration, improve the competitiveness of China's export commodities trade, reduce and resolve intellectual property disputes fundamentally, in order to make our country occupy a commanding position in the international intellectual property strategy.
This paper mainly expounds the legal reform of legal provisions "American Trade Law and the protection of intellectual property rights is closely related to the 301 provisions of Customs Law" and "337 clause", the main content and features, and compares these two terms, analyzes American China increasingly by the use of "section 301" to "337 clause". That is to protect their own products in the foreign market interest to the reason to limit foreign products to enter the market, this shift to a set of major obstacles of China's products to enter the American market, must be taken seriously. And discusses the Sino US intellectual property trade dispute reason, that is not only attributed to the American economy, politics etc. a number of factors, Chinese also has many responsibilities. Finally, according to the above analysis, put forward some solutions to solve the dispute two measures from the government and enterprise level, Think that the government should strengthen the legal construction and the improvement of law enforcement, the implementation of intellectual property strategy, provide a good policy and legal environment; enterprises should enhance the awareness of IPR protection, enhance the capability of independent innovation, cultivating responding skills, actively respond to the suit in the United States, and the establishment of early warning mechanism to take precautions.

【学位授予单位】：东北财经大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：F752.7;F757.12;F204

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