论人权视野下的知识产权之规制

发布时间：2018-04-28 09:59

本文选题：知识产权 + 人权　；参考：《南京大学》2014年硕士论文

【摘要】：知识是人类探索与改造自然、社会和思维过程中所积累的一系列创造性智力成果的结晶。知识产权化的结果是通过制度赋予给知识产品的创造者一定期限的垄断权,换取创造者对知识的公开；从而使公众能够得到更多的文化产品,达到繁荣文化的最终目的。但是随着科技的全球化和发达国家主导的知识产权与贸易的挂钩,知识产权制度越来越倾向于保护创造者的利益而忽视了社会公众利益,知识产权制度逐渐异化成了发达国家用来保护其全球经济利益的工具。而欠发达国家不得不面临这样的抉择,是要遵守知识产权规则还是要保护公众的利益。因为知识产权的强保护规则的推行,已使得各国人民不得不面对昂贵的专利药；农民不得不每年都要花钱买专利种子而不能像过去一样从上一年收获的果实中挑选出优秀的种子；原住民不得不面对自己民族上千年的传统文化、传统医药、传统遗传资源,被发达国家公司开发后自己就不能使用的悲剧；欠发达国家也不得不面对在自己国家实行的法律却不受自己意志控制的尴尬处境。知识产权的强保护就像一张网覆盖了人们生活的各个领域,人们被迫为其付出高昂的代价。当知识产权已于人们的普遍价值发生偏差,其存在的正当性就会令人质疑。这时如何改造知识产权就成为了人们共同的话题,知识产权存在的正当性基础是知识产权要遵循超越经济的伦理价值。知识产权与贸易挂钩后,侵害最为严重的的就是人权,什么是人权,一个人作为人所应享有的基本权利,健康权、生存权、传统文化权、遗传资源权,甚至一个国家的主权都是人权的范畴。在知识产权扩张的过程中,权利受到侵害的主体就以人权来作为对抗知识产权的工具,人权是普世的权利,任何权利的行驶都不应该损害他人人权的实现。所以,人权就是改造知识产权的基本伦理价值。本文包括序言和结语总共六个部分。首先在序言部分引出问题,简单介绍了为什么知识产权和人权两个看似独立的权利体系会产生冲突。第一部分,知识产权冲突的表现及其产生的原因,介绍了知识产权与人权冲突的几个最主要的表现,健康权、原住民的权利、国家主权,正是这几项权利受到知识产权的严重威胁,才使得人权界开始关注知识产权；同时分析了知识产权与人权冲突的原因,知识产权与人权的冲突有其自身制度设计存在的问题,也有知识产权在发展过程中的目的异化所产生的原因。第二部分,人权理念引入知识产权制度的必要性,知识产权与人权冲突的根本原因在于两者不同的立法目的所致,但是知识产权作为一项经济权利,其在立法的过程中要遵循一定的伦理道德,即在实施的过程中不能损害他人的利益,当知识产权成为一项全球制度的时候,能作为其伦理基础的就不能是一个国家的伦理道德,而是一个普世的伦理道德,这就是人权。第三部分,人权视野下的知识产权规制理念与原则,既然将人权作为知识产权的伦理道德,那么知识产权在立法的时候就要符合人权的基本要求,知识产权的实施要以繁荣文化和科学事业为根本。第四部分,我国知识产权法的规制路径,通过分析,我们可以看到知识产权制度并不是我们宣扬的那样完美无缺,任何制度的存在都有其两面性,并且对于知识的保护也不仅仅就知识产权化一条路,在这样的前提下,提出了发展我国知识产权制度的四项建议。
[Abstract]:Knowledge is the crystallization of a series of creative intellectual achievements accumulated in the process of human exploration and transformation of nature, society and thinking. The result of intellectual property is the monopoly power given to the creator of knowledge products through the system, in exchange for the disclosure of knowledge by the creator, and the public can get more cultural products. But with the globalization of science and technology and the link between intellectual property and trade led by developed countries, the intellectual property system has become more and more inclined to protect the interests of the creator and ignores the public interests. The intellectual property system has gradually become a tool for the developed countries to protect their global economic interests. And the less developed countries have to face such a choice whether to abide by the rules of intellectual property or to protect the interests of the public. Because the implementation of the strong protection rules of intellectual property has made people have to face expensive patent medicines; farmers have to spend money every year on patent seeds instead of the last year. The fruits of the harvest are selected for excellent seeds, and the Aborigines have to face the tragedy of their own national culture, traditional medicine and traditional genetic resources, which are unused by the developed countries, and the less developed countries have to face the laws of their own country which are not controlled by their own will. The strong protection of intellectual property is like a network covering all areas of people's life, and people are forced to pay a high price. When intellectual property has deviated from the universal value of people, the legitimacy of its existence will be questioned. How to transform intellectual property rights has become a common topic, intellectual property rights. The legitimate basis of existence is that intellectual property should follow the ethical value of surpassing the economy. After the link between intellectual property and trade, the most serious infringement is human rights, what is human rights, the basic rights that a person should enjoy as a human, the right to health, the right to existence, the right to traditional culture, the right to genetic resources, and even the sovereignty of a country. In the course of the expansion of intellectual property rights, the subject of rights being infringed on is human rights as a tool to combat intellectual property. Human rights are universal rights. The driving of any right should not damage the realization of human rights. Therefore, human rights is the basic ethical value of the transformation of intellectual property rights. This article includes the preface and conclusion altogether. The six part, first of all, introduces the issue in the preface, and briefly introduces why the two seemingly independent rights systems of intellectual property and human rights conflict. The first part, the manifestation of the conflict of intellectual property and its causes, introduces some of the most important manifestations of the conflict between intellectual property and human rights, the right to health, the rights of the indigenous people, and the state. Home sovereignty, which is the serious threat to intellectual property rights, makes the human rights community begin to pay attention to intellectual property rights; at the same time, it analyses the causes of the conflict between intellectual property and human rights. The conflict between intellectual property and human rights has its own problems in the design of its own system, as well as the origin of the alienation of the purpose of knowledge production in the process of development. In the second part, the necessity of the concept of human rights is introduced into the intellectual property system. The fundamental reason for the conflict between intellectual property and human rights lies in the different legislative purposes. However, as an economic right, intellectual property rights should follow certain ethical and moral principles in the process of legislation, that is, it can not damage the interests of others during the process of implementation. When intellectual property becomes a global system, as its ethical basis, it can not be a nation's ethics, but a universal ethic. This is human rights. In the third part, the concept and principles of intellectual property regulation under human rights view, since human rights are regarded as ethical ethics of intellectual property, then intellectual property rights In the case of legislation, the basic requirements of human rights should be met. The implementation of intellectual property rights should be based on the prosperity of culture and science. In the fourth part, through analysis, we can see that the intellectual property system is not as perfect as we proclaim, and the existence of any system has its dual nature. Moreover, the protection of knowledge is not only a way of intellectual property rights. Under such a premise, four suggestions for the development of China's intellectual property system are put forward.

【学位授予单位】：南京大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：D913

【共引文献】