古生物化石发现权与所有权辨析

发布时间：2018-05-07 01:37

本文选题：古生物化石 + 发现权　；参考：《华中科技大学》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：随着各地、各类古生物化石逐步被发现，随着澄江化石地入选世界自然遗产目录，古生物化石这个事物开始日益受到社会各界的关注和重视。古生物化石是不可再生的有限资源，本身具有重大的科研价值、巨大的经济价值。在化石的保护过程中涉及到很多行为，比如：发现、命名、开发、保护等。随着实践案例的增多，其中关于古生物化石的发现权和所有权问题，日益成为讨论的焦点，关于它们的法律争议也越来越激烈。古生物化石的发现权与所有权，在古生物化石的发现过程中，这两项权利既有关联，也有区别。通过对古生物化石的研究，可以认识过去，反省现在，预测未来，可以为人类的生存和发展提供很好的前车之鉴。古生物化石比较常见的就是动物化石、植物化石两大类。拥有化石，尤其是保存完整的化石，就意味着一笔巨大的财富。但是化石和文物是不同的，不论是从专业领域角度来定义，还是从法律明确规定角度来区分，二者都是不同的，但是在实践中还有很多学者将其混为一谈。在目前国内有一些专门针对古生物化石保护方面的法规，国际方面也有一些，但在一些细节性问题的规定上都不是很深入。古生物化石发现权是科学发现权，是属于知识产权层面的权利，主要解决的是发现人对发现成果享有的精神权利。所有权是物权层面的权利，解决的是发现人在实施发现行为后对发现物享有的物权。这两项权利因为古生物化石的发现行为而联系在一起，但是却有着本质的区别。很多发现人自己或者学者都没有清楚这两项权利的区别与联系，因而提出了一些错误的“先占原则”等论点。古生物化石发现权不是一项新生的权利，它一直都存在，它是对《民法通则》中发现权的一种特殊化、具体化，民法中规定的发现权太过于模糊、笼统。笔者便结合古生物化石的特性，以及实践中的特殊需求，对这个发现权进行进一步的明确，，即提出了什么样的主体在什么样的条件下，对古生物化石享有什么样的权利，这个权利的取得方式又是什么。针对四川彭州阴沉木案件，对阴沉木的法律属性进行辨析，结合各派专家学者的观点，提出了乌木在法律属性上属于古生物化石，属于一类特别物，可以受到特别法《古生物化石保护条例》的调整与保护。最终的落脚点是在古生物化石保护问题上。还是以典型案例四川彭州阴沉木的政府奖励结果引起的民怨沸腾事实为楔子，提出了国家法律中设置对发现人物质奖励这样一个规定的立法精神和目的，建议设置利益平衡奖励标准，不要违背法律精神随意进行不公平、不合理的奖励。我们的法律、我们的国家只有及时确认发现权，及时明确所有权，认识到二者的不同，不要随意混淆，并且进行客观合理的奖励和回报，才能够促使更多的人自愿、自觉地投入到化石发现、上缴和保护工作中来，才能使得这些珍稀的不可再生资源免遭破坏的厄运。
[Abstract]:Along with each place, all kinds of paleontological fossils have been discovered gradually. With the selection of the world natural heritage catalogue in Chengjiang fossil sites, the fossils of paleontological fossils began to pay more attention and attention from all walks of life. Paleontological fossils are non renewable resources, which have great scientific research value, great economic value. There are many actions involved in the process, such as discovery, naming, development, protection and so on. With the increase of practice cases, the issue of discovery rights and ownership of fossil fossils has become the focus of discussion, and the legal disputes about them are becoming more and more intense. The discovery rights and ownership of paleontological fossils are found in fossil fossils. In the process, these two rights are not only related but also different.
Through the study of paleontological fossils, we can recognize the past, reflect on the present and predict the future, and provide a good warning for the survival and development of human beings. Paleontological fossils are common animal fossils and plant fossils in two major categories. Having fossils, especially the preserved and whole fossils, means a great wealth. Stone and cultural relics are different. Whether they are defined from the point of view of the professional field or from the point of view of the law, the two are different. However, there are many scholars in practice that confuse them. There are some regulations on the protection of paleontological fossils in China, and there are some in the world, but in some detail. The stipulation of the problem of sex is not very deep.
The right of discovery of paleontological fossils is the right of scientific discovery, which belongs to the intellectual property level. The main solution is to find the spiritual rights of the discovery of the discoveries. Ownership is the right in the real right level, and the solution is to find the right to discover the discoveries after the implementation of the discoveries. These two rights are due to the discovery of fossil fossil creatures. There are essential differences between them. Many people and scholars have not found out the difference and connection between the two Xiang Quanli, and thus put forward some wrong arguments such as "preemptive principle". The right of discovery of paleontological fossils is not a new right, it always exists, it is the right to discover the general rules of the civil law. One kind of specialization, concretion, the right of discovery in the civil law is too vague and general. The author combines the characteristics of paleontological fossils and the special needs in practice to further clarify the right of discovery, that is, what kind of rights are enjoyed to the fossils under what kind of subject in the subject. What is the way of obtaining the right? In view of the case of the sink in Pengzhou, Sichuan, the legal attribute of the shade of the shade is identified and combined with the views of experts and scholars of various schools, it is proposed that the ebony belongs to the fossil of a kind of paleontological fossils on the legal attribute, which can be adjusted and protected by the special law < paleontological Protection Ordinance >.
The final foothold is on the protection of paleontological fossils, or the fact that the civil resentment caused by the government award results of the typical case of the Sichuan Pengzhou in a typical case is a wedge, and puts forward the legislative spirit and purpose of setting up a provision on the material reward in the national law, and recommends setting up a balance of interest and reward standards. The legal spirit of the back is unjust and unreasonably rewarded. Our law, our country only recognizes the right of discovery in time, clearly defines the ownership in time, recognizes the differences between the two, and does not confuse freely, and carries out an objective and reasonable reward and reward. The protection of these rare and non renewable resources can be avoided.

【学位授予单位】：华中科技大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D923

【参考文献】