非洲菊倍性选育与种质创新研究

发布时间：2018-05-16 18:40

  本文选题：非洲菊 + 四倍体　； 参考：《云南大学》2014年博士论文

【摘要】：非洲菊(Gerbera jamesonii Bolus)是世界重要的鲜切花之-,在全球花卉贸易中占有重要地位,是云南省最具生产及出口优势的鲜切花种类之一。由于我国不具备非洲菊野生资源优势,育种主要凭借国外成熟品种种质进行选育。利用优良种质资源作为材料,快速创制并保护一批具有自主知识产权的核心品种和中间材料,对于我国非洲菊产业的持续发展具有重大意义。 本研究以引进的优良非洲菊主栽品种‘白马王子’和‘黄金海岸’为材料,从四倍体选育和雌核双单倍体群体(MDH)构建两个层面开展了非洲菊种质创新研究。以建立相关技术体系,创制以2个品种为基础的新品种或育种中间材料,为非洲菊新品种选育奠定基础。目前,相关研究尚未见报道。 1、非洲菊四倍体选育 多倍体植株诸多性状一般比二倍体植株更优越。因此本研究利用秋水仙素,对通过愈伤组织诱导途径及丛生芽诱导途径获得的外殖体进行多倍体诱导,获得非洲菊四倍体新品种或育种中间材料。以外观形态变化作为变异指标发现,当以0.02%浓度的秋水仙素对‘白马王子’的愈伤组织处理36h,其变异率最高,达到26.3%,死亡率为10%；当以0.03%浓度的秋水仙素对‘黄金海岸’愈伤组织处理12h,其变异率最高,达到30.9%,死亡率为12.5%；当以0.6%浓度秋水仙素对‘白马王子’和‘黄金海岸’的丛生芽处理3d,其变异率最高,均达到60.0%,死亡率分别为18.0%和24.0%。 在形态学观查和叶表面气孔观测的基础上,通过根尖组织压片技术进行染色体鉴定,经分离纯化,成功筛选出了2个非洲菊四倍体植株(2n=4x=100)DC4-3和CC4-1。并通过ISSR分子标记辅助,筛选出的3个ISSR引物可有效区分二倍体及四倍体植株,其检测结果与染色体鉴定结果基本一致。 非洲菊新品种选育的主要指标,研究开展了四倍体植株与二倍体对照植株,形态、主要园艺和农艺性状、耐冷性、抗疫病性等性状的比较鉴定。结果表明： 形态和园艺性状比较：相较于二倍体植株,四倍体株系叶面积增大、叶表面质感明显增厚、叶色更为浓绿；气孔增大,单位叶面气孔面积明显增加。‘白马王子’四倍体株系花径增大,花心颜色更为纯白,并且在田间发现多个双头植株；‘黄金海岸’四倍体株系花色加深,花枝底部附着花青素更丰富,重瓣性更好。依据RHS比色卡标准,二倍体植株花色标准为YELLOE GROUP B,四倍体植株花色标准为YELLOE GROUP A。2个材料花枝直径及花朵直径均明显增加；通过超微结构观察,与二倍体对照相比,四倍体株系的花粉粒形态呈现明显变化。 耐冷性比较：与二倍体相比,两个非洲菊品种的四倍体株系在4℃低温胁迫后,其可溶性糖含量、丙二醛含量、SOD活性、叶绿素a含量存在显著差异,四倍体耐寒性生理指标优于二倍体对照。四倍体株系总体上在胁迫各阶段冻伤及脱水症状均比二倍体对照植株症状轻,表现出较好的耐冷性。 抗疫病性状比较：对栽培后90d非洲菊二倍体及两个四倍体株系进行隐性疫霉病原菌的接种试验。结果表明,与二倍体株系相比,四倍体植株发病时间平均延长3d,发病指数下降,抗性标准提升一级,均从MR提高到了R。 2、雌核双单倍体群体(MDH)构建 双单倍体(DH)群体构建是现代生物育种和新种质创制的重要技术,通常通过杂交一代花药培养获得。但由于非洲菊花药培养至今未取得突破,本研究以优良杂交品种为材料,通过雌核诱导培养途径获得雌核双单倍体群体(MDH),以达到创制更多雌核双单倍体育种中间材料。 通过胚状体直接诱导及间接诱导的方式,共获得了‘白马王子’单倍体植株12株,‘黄金海岸’单倍体植株7株。以单倍体植株丛生芽为材料,用秋水仙素诱导加倍。当以0.5%浓度的秋水仙素处理2d时,诱变率最高,达46%及42%。通过叶片气孔、DNA流式细胞仪及染色体数目观查,共检测出源自‘白马王子’母体的双单倍体株系4株(DDHl-4),源自‘黄金海岸’母体的双单倍体株系6株(CDH1-6)。染色体数目均为2n=2x=50。 经鉴定的MDH材料,其株系间相关性状如生育期、花型、花色等呈现明显差异,反映了其丰富的遗传类型。随机选取15株开花的DDH2和CDH6株系,针对叶长、叶宽、叶面积、花枝直径及花朵直径等指标,与对应母本进行对比测试。T检验结果表明：除DDH2株系叶宽无显著差异外,其它各指标均呈减小趋势,综合性状比母本差。
[Abstract]:Geranium ( Germinating ) is one of the most important flowers in the world . It is one of the most important and export - dominant species in Yunnan Province . Because of the lack of wild resource advantage of African daisy , breeding is mainly based on the selection of foreign mature varieties . Using good germplasm resources as material , the core varieties and intermediate materials with independent intellectual property rights are created and protected .

In order to establish the relevant technical system and to create a new variety or intermediate material based on 2 varieties , this study lays a foundation for the breeding of African daisy . At present , the related research has not yet been reported .

1 . Breeding of African Chrysanthemum Tetraploids

In this study , it was found that the variation rate was up to 26 . 3 % and the mortality rate was 10 % .
The results showed that the rate of variation was up to 30.9 % and the mortality rate was 12.5 % .
The variation rate was 60.0 % and the mortality rate was 18.0 % and 24 . 0 % , respectively .

On the basis of morphological observation and leaf surface stomatal observation , the chromosome identification was carried out by root tip tissue tabletting technique . Two African daisy tetraploid plants ( 2n = 4x = 100 ) DC4 - 3 and CC4 - 1 were isolated and purified successfully .

The main indexes of the breeding of the new varieties were studied . The results showed that the characters of tetraploid plants and diploid control plants , morphology , main gardening and agronomic traits , cold resistance and anti - epidemic diseases were identified .

Compared with diploid plants , the leaf area of tetraploid lines increased , leaf surface texture was obviously thickened , leaf color was more green ;
The stoma area of the unit leaves increased obviously . The diameter of the tetraploid lines increased , the color of the flower hearts was more pure , and a plurality of double - headed plants were found in the field ;
According to the RHS specific color card standard , the flower color standard of the diploid plant was " LOE GROUP B " , and the flower color standard of tetraploid plants was obviously increased ;
Compared with the diploid control , the pollen morphology of tetraploid lines showed obvious changes compared with the diploid control .

Compared with diploid , the tetraploids of two African daisy cultivars showed significant difference in soluble sugar content , MDA content , SOD activity and chlorophyll a content after low temperature stress at 4 鈩，

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