WTO规则下俄罗斯对外贸易制度的调整

发布时间：2018-06-07 06:56

本文选题：俄罗斯 + WTO规则　；参考：《上海师范大学》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：经过19年的谈判,俄罗斯终于成为了WTO的第156个成员,开始在WTO框架下积极融入全球贸易体系。这期间,俄罗斯经历了对外贸易制度的主动调整和被动接受的过程。从制度层面讲,WTO是规范全球自由贸易的主要国际机制。它所建立的制度框架包含了一系列的原则、规则和规范。货物贸易、服务贸易以及与贸易有关的知识产权是WTO的三大贸易领域。围绕这三大领域,WTO成员方经过反复的磋商谈判,逐渐形成了利益均衡状态,从而制定出符合多数成员利益的国际规定和标准。这些标准可以阐述为非歧视原则、透明性原则、贸易自由化原则以及经济发展原则等。俄罗斯加入WTO必须调整本国的对外贸易制度,使其符合WTO的要求。这其中既有俄罗斯通过对外贸易发展本国经济和进一步推动本国经济转型的考虑,同时还包括WTO规则的导向作用。因而,俄罗斯重构本国对外贸易制度是主动调整和被动调整的结果。在对外贸易制度的调整过程中,俄罗斯还要兼顾本国国情,制定正确的对外贸易改革目标；合理利用WTO规则,保护本土产业不受外部经济的冲击；通过制定合理的经济政策,扶持本国企业。在加入WTO之前,俄罗斯对外贸易制度与WTO要求还存在许多差异。首先,俄白哈关税同盟成立后,三国建立了统一的海关,俄罗斯既要遵循WTO的规则,还要受关税同盟约束,二者如何界定成为“入世”前必须明确的内容。同时俄罗斯关税制度、通关制度、进出口管理制度、技术检验检疫制度以及市场准入制度存在很多不符合WTO规定的内容,需要加以修订和完善。此外,俄罗斯贸易申诉程序复杂,耗时过长,不能很好地保护贸易方的利益,也必须加以完善。俄罗斯对外贸易的调整是一项长期而复杂的任务,不仅在俄入世之前要调整,还要在今后的发展过程中不断完善。俄罗斯通过修改国内立法,逐渐建立起了适合WTO要求的对外贸易制度。俄罗斯对关税同盟框架下遵循WTO原则做出了规定。通过大幅度降低了关税税率,简化通关程序,规范配额、许可证以及补贴制度,俄罗斯商品贸易更趋于规范化,透明性和预见性。此外,俄罗斯还使商品检验检疫与国际标准接轨,进一步扩大食品、零售、银行、保险等行业的市场准入,改善投资环境。在贸易申诉方面,不仅在关税同盟内部规定了申诉的权利,还完善了本国的海关申诉程序。通过一系列贸易制度的调整和建构,俄罗斯不断开放的贸易格局将会对本国、其他国家乃至世界贸易产生深远的影响。对于俄罗斯而言,主要表现为促进国内贸易法律法规的不断完善,与国际贸易体制接轨；降低交易成本,推动俄罗斯对外贸易的发展；改善制度环境,增强俄罗斯吸引外资的能力；强化俄罗斯竞争环境,推动国内经济现代化。当然,对外贸易制度的调整还将面临着诸多挑战,这既有本国弱势企业无法承受开放带来的冲击,同时政府今后制定国内经济政策要受到WTO的相关限制,如限制直接补贴水平,以及政府采购透明度等。在可以预见到的未来,俄罗斯必将进一步开放本国市场,完善外贸制度环境,降低国内交易成本,积极融入全球贸易的自由化进程。
[Abstract]:After 19 years of negotiations , Russia has finally become the 156 member of the WTO and began to integrate actively into the global trading system under the WTO framework . During this period , Russia has experienced the process of active adjustment and passive acceptance of the foreign trade system .

From the institutional level , WTO is the main international mechanism to regulate the global free trade . Its institutional framework includes a series of principles , rules and norms . The trade of goods , services trade and trade - related intellectual property rights are the three major trade areas of WTO .

Russia ' s entry into WTO must adjust its foreign trade system so as to meet the WTO requirements .
It is reasonable to use WTO rules to protect the local industry from external economic shocks ;
Support domestic enterprises by developing sound economic policies .

Before joining WTO , there are many differences between Russia ' s foreign trade system and WTO . First , after the establishment of the Russian - white customs union , the three countries have established unified customs .

The adjustment of Russia ' s foreign trade is a long - term and complex task not only to be adjusted before Russia ' s accession to WTO , but also in the course of future development . Russia has set up foreign trade system which is suitable for the WTO requirements by amending domestic legislation . In addition , Russia has made the inspection and quarantine of commodities more standardized , transparent and predictable . In addition , Russia has made commodity inspection and quarantine and international standard , further expanded the market access and investment environment of food , retail , banking , insurance and other industries . In terms of trade complaints , not only the right to appeal is stipulated in the customs union , but also the customs complaints procedure of the country is perfected .

Through the adjustment and construction of a series of trading systems , Russia ' s ever - open trade pattern will have far - reaching implications for the trade in the country , other countries and even the world . For Russia , the main performance is to promote the continuous improvement of domestic trade laws and regulations , and to connect with the international trade system ;
Reduce transaction costs and promote the development of Russia ' s foreign trade ;
Improving the institutional environment and enhancing Russia ' s ability to attract foreign investment ;
In the future , Russia will open up its own market , improve the environment of foreign trade system , reduce the domestic transaction cost and actively integrate the liberalization process of global trade .
【学位授予单位】：上海师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：F755.12

【参考文献】