苹果寡糖的制备、结构鉴定与抗肿瘤活性研究

发布时间:2018-06-22 01:05

  本文选题:苹果多糖 + 苹果寡糖 ; 参考:《第四军医大学》2013年博士论文


【摘要】:多糖具有广泛的生物活性,其肿瘤防治作用引起了大家的关注。目前,全球至少有超过30种多糖在临床进行抗肿瘤、抗艾滋病及治疗糖尿病试验。在日本已有香菇多糖,在我国则有牛膝多糖、云芝多糖、灵芝多糖和猪苓多糖被批准用于临床。本实验室研究表明,低分子苹果多糖对防治结/直肠癌,具有潜在的开发应用价值。然而,天然多糖类药物研发存在以下突出问题:(1)聚糖多以高分子形式存在,分子量范围跨度大,均一性差,结构不清楚,难于质量控制。(2)药物活性重复性差,难于在分子水平阐明其作用机制。(3)大分子多糖在体内很难进行跨膜转运,体内过程不明。(4)提取分离技术与质量控制滞后,现有的提取工艺难以获得结构均一的多糖。低分子化、均一化是实现天然糖类药物质量可控的重要策略。 目的: 建立苹果寡糖的制备、分离纯化、结构鉴定的新方法,观察苹果寡糖的抗肿瘤作用及其机制,为开发具有自主知识产权的苹果寡糖类药物奠定基础。 方法: 1.采用水提醇沉的方法,从苹果渣中分离得到苹果粗多糖,去除蛋白和色素,再经透析分段、DEAE-52和Sepharose CL-4B凝胶柱层析分离得到两个组分AP-1和AP-2B。对苹果多糖和纯化后的两种多糖进行糖含量、分子量和UV、IR、旋光度以及单糖组成表征。 2.采用碱解和酶解相结合的方法,制备苹果寡糖,采用阴离子交换树脂对寡糖混合物进行分离,得到OS-1、OS-2、OS-3、OS-4和OS-5。采用HPLC柱前衍生化法、MS和NMR对OS-5结构进行分析表征。 3.MTT法检测OS-1、OS-2、OS-3、OS-4、OS-5和AP-1对6株肿瘤细胞及人正常上皮细胞HIEC活性的影响,筛选出抗肿瘤效果最好的寡糖进行体外抗肿瘤机制研究。采用OS-5处理HT29细胞,通过流式细胞仪检测HT29细胞凋亡率和细胞周期变化情况,透射电镜法观察细胞形态学的变化;蛋白印迹法检测凋亡和周期相关蛋白的变化情况,同时采用real time PCR法检测相关蛋白mRNA的表达,探讨OS-5抗肿瘤作用机制。 4.复制致炎剂/致癌剂诱导的ICR小鼠结肠癌模型和裸鼠HT29细胞移植瘤模型,进行实验治疗学观察。通过病理组织学方法,观察结肠癌发生情况;通过ELISA和Western Blot检测方法,观察结肠癌小鼠血清TNF-α和Galectin-3含量变化和凋亡相关蛋白的变化。采用肿瘤体积和生存时间等指标,观察OS-5对移植瘤小鼠肿瘤的抑制效应。 结果: 1.经HPSEC分析可知,苹果多糖是包含有三个不同分子量组分的混合多糖,组分1和组分2为均一性多糖,分子量分别为10kD和1900kD。单糖组成分析结果显示,苹果多糖的单糖组成为鼠李糖、半乳糖醛酸、葡萄糖、半乳糖和阿拉伯糖,摩尔比为1.00:17.67:8.50:4.01:2.03。组分1单糖组成为鼠李糖、半乳糖醛酸和葡萄糖,摩尔比为1.20:10.00:5.25;组分2单糖组成为鼠李糖、半乳糖醛酸、葡萄糖和半乳糖,摩尔比为1.00:20.30:8.50:8.03。 2.HPSEC分析结果表明,OS-5纯度为99.21%,OS-5是由GalA组合而成,分子量为898,其结构是由(1→4)-β和(1→6)-α-D-GalA线性连接形成的半乳糖醛酸寡聚糖,具体结构为α-D-GalAp-(1→6)-α-D-GalAp-(1→6)-α-D-GalAp-(1→6)-β-D-GalAp-(1→4)-α-D-GalAp。 3.HIEC细胞经9μg/mL OS-5处理36h,其增殖率为37.3±1.8%。OS-5对A549、H1299、SMMC7721、HCT116和SW480细胞的活性抑制作用较小。给药36h,9μg/mLOS-5对H1299、SW480细胞活性抑制率分别为24.99±0.6%、23.4±1.4%,对A549细胞和HCT116细胞的抑制率均低于10%。不同浓度OS-5作用于SMMC7721细胞24h后,细胞抑制率均为25%,不呈现浓度依赖性。OS-5对HT29细胞活性抑制作用比较突出,且呈现时间和浓度依赖性。给予HT29细胞9μg/mLOS-5处理36h后,抑制率为52.6±1.8%。电镜观察发现,10μmol/L OS-5处理后的HT29细胞呈现典型凋亡形态。流式细胞术结果表明,10μmol/L OS-5处理后的HT29细胞凋亡率为45.9%(P0.01),S期细胞占60.86±3.44%,与正常对照组细胞(未用OS-5处理,S期细胞占24.64±1.29%)具有显著性差异(P0.01),提示OS-5可诱导HT29细胞发生凋亡和S期阻滞。经OS-5处理后的HT29细胞,Bax蛋白表达量明显升高,同时抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2和Bcl-xl的表达显著降低。OS-5能够显著降低HT29细胞中Cdk2和cyclin B1蛋白的表达,同时增加cyclin A1蛋白表达量。 4.DMH/DSS诱发的结肠癌小鼠给予OS-5后免疫器官指数和结肠长度有所改善,胸腺指数比正常组和模型组显著增高(P0.05);HE染色结果显示,OS-5可抑制结肠组织癌细胞的浸润生长现象;OS-5治疗组动物血清中TNF-α水平显著升高(P0.01),血清中Galectin-3水平比模型组降低,但无显著性差异;Western Blot显示OS-5治疗组结肠黏膜中Bax表达量升高,Bcl-2和Bcl-xl表达降低,模型组黏膜中Bax表达量显著降低(P0.01)。裸鼠移植瘤实验表明,OS-5对HT29细胞移植瘤具有明显的抑制作用。第35d时,5mg/kg、10mg/kg和20mg/kg OS-5给药组肿瘤体积分别为:529.84±44.01mm~3、443.81±38.94mm~3和358.96±28.68mm~3,与模型组肿瘤体积998.61±30.79mm~3相比,各给药组肿瘤体积明显减小(P0.05)。模型组裸鼠中位生存时间为38.5d,10mg/kg和20mg/kg OS-5给药组裸鼠中位生存时间分别为39d和47d。 结论: 1.创立了可控性降解获得苹果寡糖的方法,得到了OS-1、OS-2、OS-3、OS-4和OS-5五个组分。 2.经分析鉴定,OS-5的结构为α-D-GalAp-(1→6)-α-D-GalAp-(1→6)-α-D-GalAp-(1→6)-β-D-alAp-(1→4)-α-D-GalAp,,未见相同的结构报道。 3.体外实验发现,OS-5对HT29细胞的活性有明显抑制作用,其作用可能与上调Bax同时降低Bcl-2和Bcl-xl表达诱导细胞凋亡,以及通过降低Cdk2和cyclin B1蛋白的表达同时增加cyclin A1蛋白表达使细胞周期阻滞于S期有关。 4.OS-5对DMH/DSS诱发的小鼠结肠癌具有明显的治疗作用,并可显著抑制裸鼠HT29细胞移植瘤的生长,具有进一步开发前景。
[Abstract]:At present , there are at least 30 kinds of polysaccharides in the world . At present , there are at least 30 kinds of polysaccharides in clinic for anti - tumor , anti - AIDS and treatment of diabetes .


Purpose :


To establish a new method for the preparation , isolation and purification of apple oligosaccharides , to observe the anti - tumor effect and mechanism of the apple oligosaccharide , and to lay the foundation for the development of apple oligosaccharide medicines with independent intellectual property rights .


Method :


1 . The crude polysaccharide of apple was separated from apple dregs by the method of water extraction and alcohol precipitation . The two components AP - 1 and AP - 2B were separated by dialysis , DEAE - 52 and Sepharose CL - 4B gel column chromatography . The sugar content , molecular weight and UV , IR , rotation and monosaccharide composition of the two polysaccharides were characterized .


2 . Using the method of alkaline hydrolysis and enzymolysis to prepare the apple oligosaccharide , the oligosaccharide mixture was separated by anion exchange resin to obtain OS - 1 , OS - 2 , OS - 3 , OS - 4 and OS - 5 . The OS - 5 structure was characterized by HPLC column derivatization , MS and NMR .


3 . The effects of OS - 1 , OS - 2 , OS - 3 , OS - 4 , OS - 5 and AP - 1 on HIEC activity of 6 tumor cells and human normal epithelial cells were detected by MTT assay . The best anti - tumor effect of oligosaccharides was screened .
Western blot was used to detect the changes of apoptosis and cycle - related proteins . Meanwhile , real - time PCR was used to detect the expression of related protein mRNA and to explore the mechanism of OS - 5 anti - tumor action .


4 . The model of ICR mouse colon cancer and the nude mouse HT29 cell transplantation tumor model induced by the replication of the inflammatory agent / carcinogen were observed .
The changes of serum TNF - 伪 and Galectin - 3 and the changes of apoptosis - related proteins were observed by ELISA and Western Blot . The inhibitory effect of OS - 5 on tumor of transplanted tumor was observed by using tumor volume and survival time .


Results :


1 . According to HPSEC analysis , the polysaccharide is a mixed polysaccharide containing three different molecular weight components , the component 1 and component 2 are homogeneous polysaccharides , the molecular weight is 10kD and 1900 kD respectively . The monosaccharide composition of the apple polysaccharide is 1 . 00 : 17 . 67 : 8 . 50 : 4 . 01 : 2 . 03 .
The component 2 monosaccharide composition is rhamnoside , galactose aldehyde acid , glucose and galactose , the molar ratio is 1.00 : 20.30 : 8.50 : 8.03 .


2 . The results of HPSEC analysis showed that the purity of OS - 5 was 99.21 % and OS - 5 was composed of GalA . The molecular weight of OS - 5 was from ( 1 鈫

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