非转基因植物的可专利性分析

发布时间：2018-06-27 22:08

本文选题：非转基因植物 + 专利保护　；参考：《西南政法大学》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：近几年，欧洲专利局授予了大量的非转基因植物专利，这在理论界和实务界都引起了很大的争议。非转基因植物是世界上优良作物最重要的来源之一，对增加粮食产量、提高作物品质发挥着不可替代的作用。与转基因植物相比，非转基因植物具有更可靠的安全性。开放非转基因植物可专利性，既有利于最大程度的保护育种工作者的利益，又有利于现代育种业的建立和发展以及农业水平的提高。然而，反对者认为对非转基因植物授予专利权不但会对农民利益、发展中国家的利益以及公共利益造成一定程度的损害，而且还会与已经存在的品种权保护制度产生冲突，这些都是分析非转基因植物可专利性时必须予以考虑的因素。此外，还要对非转基因植物能否满足新颖性、实用性和创造性的要求进行分析。具体到某一个国家或地区，在决定是否开放非转基因植物可专利性时，需要充分考虑该国家或地区的育种研发能力、农业发展水平、育种企业的实力以及生物遗传资源的丰富程度等关键因素；在对非转基因植物专利制度进行构建时，要结合具体国情，在不违反相关国际公约基本原则的前提下，努力实现自身利益的最大化。基于以上的思路，本文分为以下五个部分。第一部分是案情简述及争议分析。2010年12月欧洲专利局扩大申诉委员会就以方法专利方式提起的非转基因植物的可专利性作出裁定，，将非转基因育种方法认定为实质性生物学方法而禁止对其授予专利权。该裁定作出后，涉案专利权人取消了权利要求书中的方法权利要求，转而将权利要求全部限定为产品（包括植物、果实、种子等），经修正后，该专利权得以维持。但是这一决定很快又遭到了异议申诉，技术申诉委员会又将以产品专利方式提起的非转基因植物的可专利性问题提交给了扩大申诉委员会，迄今为止扩大申诉委员会尚未对此作出裁定。本案的争议焦点为非转基因植物是否属于专利保护的范围，由此引出本文的论题，即非转基因植物的可专利性分析。第二部分是非转基因植物概述，对非转基因植物的概念、特点和培育原理分别做了介绍。文中首次提出了“非转基因植物”的概念：非转基因植物是指人们通过除转基因技术以外的育种方法培育的植物。第三部分是开放非转基因植物可专利性的历程及其引发的争议。本部分首先对美国和日本等发达国家对于开放非转基因植物可专利性的态度及历程作了简单的回顾。其次针对支持和反对开放非转基因植物可专利性的理由分别进行了重点分析，得出以下结论：开放非转基因植物可专利性能够最大程度的保护育种工作者的利益，激发育种工作者的研发热情和推动私人资金向育种业的流动，有利于现代育种业的建立和发展，有利于促进农业的发展；并且通过专利制度的内部设计和外部手段的规制，可以避免因开放非转基因植物可专利性而对农民利益、发展中国家利益和公共利益可能造成的损害。第四部分是非转基因植物的“三性”分析。非转基因植物能够满足新颖性、实用性和创造性的要求是开放非转基因植物可专利性的基础。本部分分别针对以产品专利方式提起的非转基因植物和以方法专利方式提起的非转基因植物的“三性”进行分析，从专利法“三性”层面论证了开放非转基因植物可专利性的可行性。第五部分是我国开放非转基因植物可专利性的抉择。目前，我国的专利法明确规定禁止对非转基因植物授予专利权，然而考虑到非转基因植物对于现代育种业的发展和农业安全的重要性，我国有必要结合自身国情，重新审视非转基因植物可专利性问题。我国已经具备较强的非转基因育种能力，拥有一批颇具国际竞争力的育种企业，而且还是世界上生物遗传资源最丰富的国家之一，这些因素决定我国已经基本具备了开放非转基因植物可专利性的条件。与此同时，由于我国的农业发展水平较发达国家落后，在对非转基因植物专利制度进行设计时，必须充分考虑到我国的具体国情，做出有利于本国利益的设计，如授予农民一定的免责权，提高“三性”的审查标准，建立和完善生物遗传资源保护体系等。我国是一个农业大国，非转基因植物的知识产权保护对于维护国家农业安全有非常重要的意义。近年来国际上关于非转基因植物可专利性的争论日趋激烈，但是我国对这一问题还鲜有人进行系统的研究，本文试对此问题进行初步探究，以期能引起国内学者对非转基因植物可专利性的思考。
[Abstract]:In recent years, a large number of non transgenic plant patents have been granted by the European Patent Office, which has caused great controversy in both theoretical and practical circles. Non GM plants are one of the most important sources of good crops in the world. It plays an irreplaceable role in increasing grain yield and improving the quality of crops. Plants have more reliable safety. The patentability of open non GM plants is beneficial to the best protection of the interests of the breeding workers, the establishment and development of modern breeding and the improvement of the agricultural level. However, the opponents believe that the grant of patent rights to non transgenic plants will not only benefit farmers but also develop China. The interests of the family and the public interest have been damaged to a certain extent, and it will also conflict with the existing system of variety rights protection. These are all factors that must be considered when analyzing the patentability of non GM plants. In addition, it is necessary to analyze the requirements of non GM plants to satisfy novelty, practicality and creativity.
When deciding whether to open the patentability of non GM plants in a particular country or region, it is necessary to take full consideration of the key factors in the country or region's breeding R & D capacity, the level of agricultural development, the strength of the breeding enterprises and the richness of the biological genetic resources, and the construction of the patent system for non transgenic plants. In the light of specific national conditions, we must strive to maximize our own interests without violating the basic principles of relevant international conventions.
Based on the above ideas, this paper is divided into five parts.
The first part is the brief description and analysis of the case. In December, the European Patent Office expanded the appeals board to make a ruling on the patentability of non GM plants brought about by method patent, and prohibit the granting of patents on non GM breeding methods as substantive biological methods. After the decision was made, the patent holder involved in the case. The claim was abolished in the claim, and all the claims were limited to products (including plants, fruits, seeds, etc.), and the patent was maintained after the amendment, but the decision was quickly dissent, and the technical appeals committee would also patent non GM plants in the form of product patents. The issue of sex is submitted to the enlargement of the appeals board, which has so far not been ruled by the enlargement of the appeals board. The focus of the dispute is whether non GM plants are protected by patents, which leads to the topic of this article, that is, the patentability analysis of non GM plants.
The second part is the overview of non transgenic plants. The concept, characteristics and cultivation principles of non GMO plants are introduced. The concept of "non transgenic plants" is first proposed in this article: non transgenic plants refer to the plants which are bred by the breeding methods other than the transgenic technology.
The third part is the history and controversy of the patentability of open non GM plants. This part first briefly reviews the attitudes and processes of the developed countries, such as the United States and Japan, on the patentability of open non GM plants. Secondly, the reasons for supporting and opposing the patentability of the open non transgenic plants are respectively carried out. The following conclusions are made. The following conclusions are drawn: the patentability of the open non transgenic plants can protect the interests of the breeding workers to the greatest extent, stimulate the enthusiasm of the breeding workers and promote the flow of private capital to the breeding industry, which is beneficial to the establishment and development of modern breeding industry, and is beneficial to the promotion of the development of agriculture; and through the patent system. The internal design of the degree and the regulation of external means can avoid the damage to the interests of farmers, the interests of the developing countries and the public interests due to the patentability of the open non transgenic plants.
The fourth part is the "three sex" analysis of non transgenic plants. Non GM plants can satisfy novelty, practical and creative requirements are the basis for the patentability of open non GM plants. This part is aimed at non GMO plants and non GM plants brought up by the patented method of non GMO plants and the patented method of square law respectively. From three aspects of the patent law, the feasibility of opening the patent of non transgenic plants is demonstrated.
The fifth part is the patent choice of open non GM plants in China. At present, China's patent law clearly stipulates the prohibition of granting patent right to non transgenic plants. However, considering the importance of non GM plants to the development of modern breeding industry and the importance of agricultural safety, it is necessary for us to reexamine non transgenic plants in combination with their own national conditions. Our country has strong non transgenic breeding ability, has a number of internationally competitive breeding enterprises, and is one of the most abundant biological genetic resources in the world. These factors have determined that our country has basically had the conditions for the patentability of the open non rotation based plants. The agricultural development level of our country is lagging behind the developed countries. When designing the patent system for non transgenic plants, we must fully take into account the specific national conditions of our country and make a design conducive to the interests of the country, such as granting the peasants a certain exemption right, improving the examination standard of the "three sex", and establishing and perfecting the protection system of biological genetic resources.
China is a large agricultural country. The protection of intellectual property rights of non transgenic plants is of great significance for the maintenance of national agricultural safety. In recent years, the debate on the patentability of non transgenic plants is becoming increasingly fierce, but few people have systematically studied this problem in our country. This paper tries to make a preliminary inquiry into this problem. In order to arouse domestic scholars' consideration on the patentability of non transgenic plants.
【学位授予单位】：西南政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D923.42

【参考文献】