滴灌方式和水氮处理对酿酒葡萄幼苗生理特性和根系形态的影响
发布时间：2018-07-14 07:46
【摘要】：水是制约我国干旱和半干旱地区农业发展的关键因素,发展节水农业是我国农业现代化的必由之路。新疆地区是我国重要的特色林果产业基地,在林果业推广节水灌溉技术,研制和探索出适合我国林果业生产实际需求的节水技术和灌溉模式对于新疆地区乃至我国干旱、半干旱地区林果业可持续发展均具有重要的理论价值和实践意义。膜下滴灌和地下滴灌是林果业最有推广前景的两项节水技术,本文以滴灌技术在果树上的应用为切入点,以酿酒葡萄主栽品种赤霞珠(Vitis vinifera L.'Cabernet Sauvignon')为研究试材,从膜下滴灌条件下不同水氮施用时间、地下滴灌系统的设计(地下穴贮滴灌系统,自主设计)、滴灌方式和不同滴灌方式条件下根区交替灌溉对葡萄幼苗生理特性和根系形态的影响方面入手,通过近四年的思考和研究期望探索出适合我国林果业发展的滴灌节水技术和灌溉模式。主要研究内容和结果如下： 1.研究了膜下滴灌条件下不同水氮处理对赤霞珠葡萄幼苗氮素利用、根系形态和根系生理活性和氮代谢关键酶的影响,结果表明：适宜的水分处理(田间持水量60%-90%)和三次施氮可以提高植株根系的总氮、铵态氮、硝态氮含量,保持生长后期酿酒葡萄幼苗根系硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)关键酶的活性,提高氮素利用率；在对植株根系的研究中表明适宜的水分处理(田间持水量60%-90%)和三次施氮可以提高根系有效根表面积和体积,增加根尖数,促进根系发育和更新,保持生长后期根系抗氧化保护酶系(SOD、POD与CAT)活性在较高水平,延缓植株根系衰老。 2.研究了膜下滴灌条件下不同水氮处理对赤霞珠葡萄幼苗叶片生理特性的影响,结果表明：适宜的水分处理(田间持水量60%-90%和)三次施氮可以提高植株叶片生长后期酿酒葡萄幼苗叶片NR、GS关键酶的活性,使生长后期叶片SOD、POD、CAT保护酶活性在较高水平,延缓地上部衰老；在对植株叶片光合性能的研究中表明适宜的水分处理(田间持水量60%-90%)和三次施氮可以提高植株生长后期的叶绿素含量,叶片净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、光化学猝灭系数(qp)和实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)亦保持在较高水平。 3.研制出拥有自主知识产权的防堵塞地下滴灌系统和地下穴贮滴灌系统,通过对地下穴贮滴灌系统灌水均匀度的田间试验结果表明：自主设计的地下穴贮滴灌系统较目前国内外应用的地下渗灌系统相比具有成本低、对水质要求不高、耐堵塞的优势,符合我国干旱半干旱地区林果业生产的实际情况和需求,具有一定应用推广价值。在本田间试验条件下,一次灌水量201.9m3/hm2、穴贮容器间距为0.25m或0.5m、灌水压强高于15kPa时,地下穴贮滴灌系统灌水均匀度大于85%,符合中国农田水利标准规定的标准。 4.研究了管栽条件下膜下滴灌、地下穴贮滴灌(自主设计)和地表滴灌3种滴灌方式对赤霞珠葡萄幼苗植株发育、根系形态和生理特性的影响。研究结果表明SDI(地下穴贮滴灌)、MDI(膜下滴灌)较DI(地表滴灌)均能显著促进葡萄幼苗的生长,其中SDI主要促进地下部的生长,MDI主要促进地上部的生长,且SDI处理植株根冠比显著高于MDI。SDI处理可以诱导根系分根垂直根系增多,而MDI分根类型多为水平延伸根系,土柱试验结果表明20-60cm土层深度SDI处理的根表面积指数(RAI)、根体积密度(RVD)均高于MDI和DI,表明SDI处理明显提高了土层深度20cm以下根系的营养吸收能力和吸收范围,促进根系下扎。本试验设计的SDI处理较MDI和DI,能使根系获得比较适宜的水分供给环境,维持深层根系活力和保护酶活性在一个较高的水平,减轻与延缓膜脂过氧化进程。 5.研究了膜下滴灌(MDI)、地下穴贮滴灌(SDI,自主设计)和地表滴灌(DI)三种滴灌方式对管栽赤霞珠葡萄幼苗株高、节间平均长度、同一灌水周期内叶片光合和荧光性能的影响。研究结果表明在整个生长期内,SDI处理在处理早期能对外界环境产生适应性调整,起到“蹲苗”的作用,同一灌水周期后期SDI与MDI处理的光合和荧光特性高于DI处理。 6.研究了袋控小区试验条件下SDI-DI、SDI-SDI、DI-SDI和DI-DI四种根区交替滴灌模式对赤霞珠葡萄幼苗根系分布、不同根区根系垂直方向生理特性和同一灌水周期内根系活性的影响,研究结果表明DI-SDI与SDI-DI处理能促进根系在水平和垂直方向上的均衡分布,使根系在整个生长空间内分布的更加合理,SDI-SDI较DI-DI处理能有效促进根系下扎。对根系生理特性的研究结果表明在灌水侧为右侧时DI-SDI与SDI-SDI能使根系活力在灌水侧保持较高水平,SDI-SDI与SDI-DI使根系活力在未灌水侧保持较高水平。在同一灌水周期内灌水侧为右侧时,DI-DI与SDI-DI处理右侧根系较SDI-SDI、DI-SDI更早的感受到干旱胁迫,在未灌水一侧(左侧),DI-DI与DI-SDI处理左侧根系较SDI-DI与SDI-SDI受到的胁迫程度更加剧烈,根系保护酶活性变化幅度大。 7.研究了四种根区交替滴灌模式对赤霞珠葡萄幼苗株高、节间平均长度、同一灌水周期和复水后叶片光合和荧光性能的影响,结果表明不同滴灌方式的分根交替滴灌可以有效抑制地上部的生长,降低节间平均长度,增加根冠比。SDI-DI和DI-SDI处理对植株生长的影响优于DI-DI处理,在整个灌水周期内,SDI-DI、DI-SDI和SDI-SDI处理较DI-DI处理能保持植物光合性能(Pn)和荧光特性(qp、ΦPSⅡ)在更好水平。
[Abstract]:Water is the key factor restricting the development of agricultural development in arid and semi-arid areas of China. Developing water-saving agriculture is the only way for agricultural modernization in China. Xinjiang is an important characteristic base of forestry and fruit industry in China. Water saving irrigation technology is popularized in the forest and fruit industry to develop and explore water-saving technology and irrigation suitable for the actual demand of the production of forest fruit industry in our country. The irrigation model has important theoretical and practical significance for the sustainable development of forest and fruit industry in arid and semi-arid areas of Xinjiang and even in China. Drip irrigation and drip irrigation are the two water-saving technologies that have the most promising prospects in the fruit industry. Vitis vinifera L.'Cabernet Sauvignon'was used to study the test material, the application time of different water and nitrogen under the drip irrigation under the membrane, the design of the underground drip irrigation system (underground drip irrigation system, independent design), the effect of the root zone alternation irrigation on the physiological characteristics and root morphology of the grape seedlings under the drip irrigation and the different drip irrigation methods. Through nearly four years of thinking and research, we hope to explore the drip irrigation technology and irrigation mode suitable for the development of forest and fruit industry in China. The main research contents and results are as follows:
1. the effects of different water and nitrogen treatments on the nitrogen utilization, root morphology, root physiological activity and nitrogen metabolism key enzymes in Cabernet Sauvignon seedlings under mulch drip irrigation were studied. The results showed that the suitable water treatment (field water holding capacity 60%-90%) and three nitrogen application could increase the total nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen content and maintain growth of the plant root system. The activity of nitrate reductase (NR) and glutamine synthetase (GS) key enzyme activity in the roots of the late wine grape seedlings increased the utilization rate of nitrogen. In the study of plant roots, the suitable water treatment (field water holding capacity 60%-90%) and three nitrogen application could increase the root surface area and volume of root system, increase the number of root tips, promote root development and promote the development of root system. The activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD and CAT) in roots at late growth stage was higher, and the root senescence of plants was delayed.
2. the effects of different water and nitrogen treatment under Drip Irrigation on the physiological characteristics of Cabernet Sauvignon seedlings were studied. The results showed that the suitable water treatment (field water holding capacity 60%-90% and three times) could improve the activity of NR and GS key enzyme in the leaves of leaves of wine grape seedlings, and protect the leaves of SOD, POD and CAT at the later stage of growth. In the study of photosynthetic performance of plant leaves, the suitable water treatment (field water holding capacity 60%-90%) and three nitrogen application could increase the chlorophyll content, leaf net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), photochemical quenching coefficient (QP) and actual photochemical efficiency (QP). The diameter of PS II) is also maintained at a high level.
3. the anti blocking underground drip irrigation system and the underground drip irrigation system with independent intellectual property rights are developed. The field test results of the irrigation uniformity of the drip irrigation system in the underground hole show that the self designed underground drip irrigation system has lower cost and less water quality than the underground seepage irrigation system used at home and abroad. The advantage of resistance to blockage is in line with the actual situation and demand of the production of forest and fruit industry in arid and semi-arid areas of China. It has certain application and popularization value. Under the test condition of Honda, the irrigation water content is 201.9m3/hm2, the spacing of the storage container is 0.25m or 0.5m, the irrigation pressure is higher than 15kPa, and the irrigation uniformity of the drip irrigation system of the ground hole is more than 85%. The standard stipulated in the standard for water and water conservancy in the country.
4. the effects of drip irrigation, drip irrigation (independent design) and surface drip irrigation on the plant development, root morphology and physiological characteristics of Cabernet Sauvignon seedlings were studied under the condition of tube planting. The results showed that SDI (drip irrigation under underground cavern) and MDI (drip irrigation under film) could promote the growth of grape seedlings significantly than that of DI (drip irrigation). SDI mainly promoted the growth of the underground, MDI mainly promoted the growth of the upper part of the ground, and the root crown of the SDI treatment plant was significantly higher than the MDI.SDI treatment. The root root root vertical root system increased, and the MDI root type was mostly the horizontal extension root. The soil column test results showed the root surface area index (RAI) and the root volume of the 20-60cm soil depth SDI treatment. The density (RVD) was higher than that of MDI and DI, indicating that SDI treatment significantly improved the nutrient absorption capacity and absorption range of roots below 20cm in the soil layer, and promoted the root ligation. The SDI treatment designed in this experiment was better than MDI and DI, which could make the root system obtain more suitable water supply environment, maintain deep root activity and protect enzyme activity in a higher water. Leveling, alleviating and retarding the process of membrane lipid peroxidation.
5. the effects of submembrane drip irrigation (MDI), underground drip irrigation (SDI, independent design) and surface drip irrigation (DI) on the seedling height of Cabernet Sauvignon seedlings, the average internode length, the photosynthetic and fluorescence properties of the leaves in the same irrigation period were studied. The results showed that in the whole growth period, SDI treatment could be used in the early treatment of the environment. The adaptive adjustment played a role in "laying down seedlings". The photosynthetic and fluorescence characteristics of SDI and MDI treated at the same irrigation period were higher than those of DI treatment.
6. the effects of SDI-DI, SDI-SDI, DI-SDI and DI-DI on the root distribution of Cabernet Sauvignon seedlings, the physiological characteristics of root vertical direction in different root regions and the root system activity in the same irrigation period were studied under the condition of four root zone alternate drip irrigation under the bag controlled plot test. The results showed that DI-SDI and SDI-DI treatment could promote the root system in the horizontal and vertical sides. The distribution of the root in the whole growth space is more reasonable, and the SDI-SDI can effectively promote the root ligation in the whole growth space. The results of the study on the physiological characteristics of the root system show that when the irrigation side is right, DI-SDI and SDI-SDI can keep the root activity at a high level in the irrigation side, and the root activity of the root system is not filled with SDI-SDI and SDI-DI. The water side maintained a high level. When the irrigation side was right in the same irrigation cycle, DI-DI and SDI-DI treated the right root system more than SDI-SDI, and DI-SDI earlier felt drought stress. At the left side of the water (left), DI-DI and DI-SDI treated the left root system more severely than SDI-DI and SDI-SDI, and the activity of root protection enzyme changed greatly.
7. the effects of four root zone alternate drip irrigation modes on the height of the seedlings of Cabernet Sauvignon, the average internode length, the same irrigation cycle and the photosynthetic and fluorescence properties of the leaves after rewatering were studied. The results showed that the alternate drip irrigation with different drip irrigation methods could effectively inhibit the growth of the upper part of the ground, reduce the average length of the internode and increase the ratio of.SDI-DI and DI- to the root crown. The effect of SDI treatment on plant growth is better than that of DI-DI treatment. In the whole irrigation period, SDI-DI, DI-SDI and SDI-SDI treatment can maintain better photosynthetic performance (Pn) and fluorescence characteristics (QP, and PS II) than DI-DI treatment.
【学位授予单位】：石河子大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：S663.1
本文编号：2120957
[Abstract]:Water is the key factor restricting the development of agricultural development in arid and semi-arid areas of China. Developing water-saving agriculture is the only way for agricultural modernization in China. Xinjiang is an important characteristic base of forestry and fruit industry in China. Water saving irrigation technology is popularized in the forest and fruit industry to develop and explore water-saving technology and irrigation suitable for the actual demand of the production of forest fruit industry in our country. The irrigation model has important theoretical and practical significance for the sustainable development of forest and fruit industry in arid and semi-arid areas of Xinjiang and even in China. Drip irrigation and drip irrigation are the two water-saving technologies that have the most promising prospects in the fruit industry. Vitis vinifera L.'Cabernet Sauvignon'was used to study the test material, the application time of different water and nitrogen under the drip irrigation under the membrane, the design of the underground drip irrigation system (underground drip irrigation system, independent design), the effect of the root zone alternation irrigation on the physiological characteristics and root morphology of the grape seedlings under the drip irrigation and the different drip irrigation methods. Through nearly four years of thinking and research, we hope to explore the drip irrigation technology and irrigation mode suitable for the development of forest and fruit industry in China. The main research contents and results are as follows:
1. the effects of different water and nitrogen treatments on the nitrogen utilization, root morphology, root physiological activity and nitrogen metabolism key enzymes in Cabernet Sauvignon seedlings under mulch drip irrigation were studied. The results showed that the suitable water treatment (field water holding capacity 60%-90%) and three nitrogen application could increase the total nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen content and maintain growth of the plant root system. The activity of nitrate reductase (NR) and glutamine synthetase (GS) key enzyme activity in the roots of the late wine grape seedlings increased the utilization rate of nitrogen. In the study of plant roots, the suitable water treatment (field water holding capacity 60%-90%) and three nitrogen application could increase the root surface area and volume of root system, increase the number of root tips, promote root development and promote the development of root system. The activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD and CAT) in roots at late growth stage was higher, and the root senescence of plants was delayed.
2. the effects of different water and nitrogen treatment under Drip Irrigation on the physiological characteristics of Cabernet Sauvignon seedlings were studied. The results showed that the suitable water treatment (field water holding capacity 60%-90% and three times) could improve the activity of NR and GS key enzyme in the leaves of leaves of wine grape seedlings, and protect the leaves of SOD, POD and CAT at the later stage of growth. In the study of photosynthetic performance of plant leaves, the suitable water treatment (field water holding capacity 60%-90%) and three nitrogen application could increase the chlorophyll content, leaf net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), photochemical quenching coefficient (QP) and actual photochemical efficiency (QP). The diameter of PS II) is also maintained at a high level.
3. the anti blocking underground drip irrigation system and the underground drip irrigation system with independent intellectual property rights are developed. The field test results of the irrigation uniformity of the drip irrigation system in the underground hole show that the self designed underground drip irrigation system has lower cost and less water quality than the underground seepage irrigation system used at home and abroad. The advantage of resistance to blockage is in line with the actual situation and demand of the production of forest and fruit industry in arid and semi-arid areas of China. It has certain application and popularization value. Under the test condition of Honda, the irrigation water content is 201.9m3/hm2, the spacing of the storage container is 0.25m or 0.5m, the irrigation pressure is higher than 15kPa, and the irrigation uniformity of the drip irrigation system of the ground hole is more than 85%. The standard stipulated in the standard for water and water conservancy in the country.
4. the effects of drip irrigation, drip irrigation (independent design) and surface drip irrigation on the plant development, root morphology and physiological characteristics of Cabernet Sauvignon seedlings were studied under the condition of tube planting. The results showed that SDI (drip irrigation under underground cavern) and MDI (drip irrigation under film) could promote the growth of grape seedlings significantly than that of DI (drip irrigation). SDI mainly promoted the growth of the underground, MDI mainly promoted the growth of the upper part of the ground, and the root crown of the SDI treatment plant was significantly higher than the MDI.SDI treatment. The root root root vertical root system increased, and the MDI root type was mostly the horizontal extension root. The soil column test results showed the root surface area index (RAI) and the root volume of the 20-60cm soil depth SDI treatment. The density (RVD) was higher than that of MDI and DI, indicating that SDI treatment significantly improved the nutrient absorption capacity and absorption range of roots below 20cm in the soil layer, and promoted the root ligation. The SDI treatment designed in this experiment was better than MDI and DI, which could make the root system obtain more suitable water supply environment, maintain deep root activity and protect enzyme activity in a higher water. Leveling, alleviating and retarding the process of membrane lipid peroxidation.
5. the effects of submembrane drip irrigation (MDI), underground drip irrigation (SDI, independent design) and surface drip irrigation (DI) on the seedling height of Cabernet Sauvignon seedlings, the average internode length, the photosynthetic and fluorescence properties of the leaves in the same irrigation period were studied. The results showed that in the whole growth period, SDI treatment could be used in the early treatment of the environment. The adaptive adjustment played a role in "laying down seedlings". The photosynthetic and fluorescence characteristics of SDI and MDI treated at the same irrigation period were higher than those of DI treatment.
6. the effects of SDI-DI, SDI-SDI, DI-SDI and DI-DI on the root distribution of Cabernet Sauvignon seedlings, the physiological characteristics of root vertical direction in different root regions and the root system activity in the same irrigation period were studied under the condition of four root zone alternate drip irrigation under the bag controlled plot test. The results showed that DI-SDI and SDI-DI treatment could promote the root system in the horizontal and vertical sides. The distribution of the root in the whole growth space is more reasonable, and the SDI-SDI can effectively promote the root ligation in the whole growth space. The results of the study on the physiological characteristics of the root system show that when the irrigation side is right, DI-SDI and SDI-SDI can keep the root activity at a high level in the irrigation side, and the root activity of the root system is not filled with SDI-SDI and SDI-DI. The water side maintained a high level. When the irrigation side was right in the same irrigation cycle, DI-DI and SDI-DI treated the right root system more than SDI-SDI, and DI-SDI earlier felt drought stress. At the left side of the water (left), DI-DI and DI-SDI treated the left root system more severely than SDI-DI and SDI-SDI, and the activity of root protection enzyme changed greatly.
7. the effects of four root zone alternate drip irrigation modes on the height of the seedlings of Cabernet Sauvignon, the average internode length, the same irrigation cycle and the photosynthetic and fluorescence properties of the leaves after rewatering were studied. The results showed that the alternate drip irrigation with different drip irrigation methods could effectively inhibit the growth of the upper part of the ground, reduce the average length of the internode and increase the ratio of.SDI-DI and DI- to the root crown. The effect of SDI treatment on plant growth is better than that of DI-DI treatment. In the whole irrigation period, SDI-DI, DI-SDI and SDI-SDI treatment can maintain better photosynthetic performance (Pn) and fluorescence characteristics (QP, and PS II) than DI-DI treatment.
【学位授予单位】：石河子大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：S663.1
【参考文献】
相关期刊论文 前10条
1 张金政;刘岳路;李晓东;刘洪章;孙国峰;何卿;;过量施氮对嵌合体‘金旗’玉簪叶色、氮代谢关键酶活性及叶绿体超微结构的影响[J];草业学报;2011年05期
2 张建华,贾文锁,康绍忠;根系分区灌溉和水分利用效率(英文)[J];西北植物学报;2001年02期
3 王荣莲,龚时宏,王建东,李光永,赵永来;地下滴灌抗负压堵塞的试验研究[J];灌溉排水学报;2005年05期
4 吕宁;侯振安;龚江;;不同滴灌方式下咸水灌溉对棉花根系分布的影响[J];灌溉排水学报;2007年05期
5 康银红;马孝义;李娟;赵文举;;地下滴渗灌灌水技术研究进展[J];灌溉排水学报;2007年06期
6 姜卫兵,高光林,俞开锦,汪良驹,马凯;水分胁迫对果树光合作用及同化代谢的影响研究进展[J];果树学报;2002年06期
7 卢彩玉;黄春辉;郑小艳;贾惠娟;卢如国;滕元文;;根域限制对巨玫瑰葡萄果实外观、色素及内在品质的影响[J];果树学报;2009年05期
8 李学强;李秀珍;吕德国;张国海;;休眠期甜樱桃幼树体内氮素的运转[J];果树学报;2010年01期
9 刘爱玲;何建军;王磊;李节法;许文平;张才喜;王振平;王世平;;设施栽培‘峰后’葡萄营养元素和水分吸收规律研究[J];果树学报;2012年05期
10 黄荣辉;周德刚;陈文;周连童;韦志刚;张强;高晓清;卫国安;候旭宏;;关于中国西北干旱区陆—气相互作用及其对气候影响研究的最近进展[J];大气科学;2013年02期
，本文编号：2120957
本文链接：https://www.wllwen.com/falvlunwen/zhishichanquanfa/2120957.html
