我国农业植物新品种推广保障制度研究

发布时间：2019-01-19 11:36

【摘要】：我国是一个人口大国,人均耕地和资源占有都低于世界平均水平,保障我国粮食供应安全是非常现实和严峻的问题。伴随着改革开放的深入和现代化建设的不断推进,中共中央政府提出了新型城镇化、工业化和农业现代化,统筹城乡一体化发展,并提出把农业科技创新作为解决农业问题的根本途径。农业是第一产业,同时也是国民经济的基础,只有农业作为保证才能最终实现国民经济健康发展和人民生活水平的真正改善和提高。解决农村、农业和农民问题不仅需要国家加大资金投入,出台优惠政策,而且需要加强新技术、新品种的推广应用,完善我国农业科技创新和创新应用的渠道。本研究为应用型研究,注重实践性和应用性,通过实践调查获取第一手资料,了解我国新品种推广销售情况以及农民对新品种、新技术的使用情况和存在的问题。本研究首先是从新品种、新品种推广和新品种权和品种审定的区别等基本概念入手,厘清我国农业植物新品种从实验室走出来之后如何通过国家审定,然后走向市场,走进农民的土地里。农业植物新品种推广保护必定会涉及农业知识产权的保护,这是保护农业企业和育种者权益最为重要的途径,因此,本文会着重讲述品种权在新品种推广销售过程会遇到哪些问题,分析问题,提出解决的对策,这是本文重点之一。推进新技术、新品种的推广应用关系到我国农业现代化的实现,国家必然十分重视,但是目前我国的新品种应用情况并不理想,很多优良的新品种没有得到很好的推广应用,没有起到应有的作用,农民不知道如何选择种植品种,依据已有的经验进行选择,一般都会选择已经种植过的品种。根据创新采用理论,农业大户的示范作用对周边的农民的影响最大,对新品种的快速有效推广作用明显,但是我国的农业示范区建设没有起到应有的作用,他们往往远离农民,与当地农民没有互动和交流,不能有效带动农民选择种植的方式和种植的品种。国家对农业领域的投入越来越多,对农民种粮进行直接补贴,从一定程度上来说,提高了农民种粮的积极性,但是我国的农业补贴结构还存在一些问题,如种粮补贴,现在国家基本上实现了对主要粮食的覆盖,按照种植的面积算种,然后给予补贴,国家的资金使用过于追求平均,不能起到对农民购种选种的指引性作用。由于本文研究的是新品种推广制度保障,因此主要是从政府的角度提出问题,进行分析和解构,并从政府的角度提出对策和建议,从而为我国农业植物新品种的推广销售提供有效有保障,促进优良的农业植物新品种能够得到更好的推广应用。
[Abstract]:China is a large country with a large population. The per capita occupation of cultivated land and resources is lower than the world average. It is a very realistic and severe problem to ensure the security of food supply in China. With the deepening of reform and opening up and the continuous advancement of modernization, the CPC Central Committee government has proposed a new type of urbanization, industrialization and agricultural modernization, and coordinated the development of urban and rural integration. And put forward agricultural science and technology innovation as a fundamental way to solve agricultural problems. Agriculture is not only the primary industry but also the foundation of the national economy. Only agriculture as the guarantee can finally realize the healthy development of the national economy and the real improvement of the people's living standard. To solve the problems in rural areas, agriculture and farmers not only need the state to increase capital input and issue preferential policies, but also need to strengthen the popularization and application of new technologies and varieties, and improve the channels for agricultural scientific and technological innovation and application in China. This study is an applied study, focusing on practice and application, obtaining first-hand information through practical investigation, understanding the marketing situation of new varieties in China and the use of new varieties and new technologies by farmers and the existing problems. This research begins with the basic concepts of new variety, new variety extension, new variety right and variety validation, and clarifies how the new agricultural plant varieties in China pass the national examination and approval after coming out of the laboratory, and then go to the market. Walk into the peasants' land. The protection of new agricultural plant varieties is bound to involve the protection of agricultural intellectual property rights, which is the most important way to protect the rights and interests of agricultural enterprises and breeders. This article will focus on the variety rights in the new variety promotion and sales process will meet with what problems, analysis of the problems, put forward solutions, this is one of the key points of this paper. The promotion of new technology and the popularization and application of new varieties are related to the realization of agricultural modernization in China. The state must attach great importance to them. But at present, the application of new varieties in our country is not ideal, and many excellent new varieties have not been well popularized and applied. Farmers do not know how to choose varieties, according to the existing experience to choose, generally will choose the varieties that have been planted. According to the theory of innovation and adoption, the demonstration role of large agricultural households has the greatest impact on the surrounding farmers, and has obvious effect on the rapid and effective extension of new varieties. However, the construction of agricultural demonstration zones in China has not played its due role, and they are often far away from farmers. There is no interaction and communication with local farmers, which can not effectively lead farmers to choose planting methods and varieties. The state has been investing more and more in the field of agriculture. To a certain extent, direct subsidies to farmers to grow grain have increased the enthusiasm of farmers to grow grain. However, there are still some problems in the structure of agricultural subsidies in our country, such as grain planting subsidies. Now the country has basically realized the coverage to the main grain, calculates the seed according to the planting area, then gives the subsidy, the country's fund use is too pursue the average, cannot play the guiding role to the farmer to purchase the seed and the seed. Because this article studies the new variety extension system safeguard, therefore mainly from the government angle puts forward the question, carries on the analysis and the deconstruction, and from the government angle puts forward the countermeasure and the suggestion, Thus, it can provide effective protection for the promotion and sale of new agricultural plant varieties in China, and promote the better extension and application of new agricultural plant varieties.
【学位授予单位】：华中农业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：F323.3

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