民国时期淮南煤矿工人状况研究（1930—1949）

发布时间：2018-03-01 18:12

本文关键词： 民国时期淮南矿工工作状况家庭生活工人斗争　出处：《安徽大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：设立于1930年3月的淮南煤矿局,是当时中国唯一由南京国民政府直接经营的煤矿。1937年7月,淮南矿路股份有限公司正式成立,宋子文财团经营的中国建设银公司趁机收购大量股份,获得了公司的掌控权。1938年6月,日军侵占淮南矿区。随后,日军将淮南煤矿与华商大通煤矿股份有限公司所经营的大通煤矿合并组成淮南煤矿股份有限公司(淮南炭矿株式会社),淮南矿路股份有限公司名存实亡。1945年8月,抗日战争胜利。同年9月,宋子文财团派员接受了淮南煤矿和淮南铁路,同时还接收了大通煤矿。1947年,华商大通煤矿股份有限公司正式并入淮南矿路股份有限公司。1949年淮南矿区获得解放,淮南矿路公司正式解体,成立淮南煤矿局,后改称淮南矿务局(至今)。淮南煤矿在民国时期的发展,虽然经历了"官办"、"官督商办"、"日伪占领"、"商办"等几个阶段不停地改组、合并,但其整体上的采煤规模是不断扩大的,同时也促进了矿工群体迅速壮大。鼎盛时期,淮南煤矿在册工人总数达一万七千至一万八千人。煤矿工人大多来自淮南地区破产的农民和手工业者,山东、河南、苏北三地也是招募的主要地区,其中以山东籍工人技能最好。矿工年龄大多数是在20岁至40岁之间,属青壮年,体力强盛,年龄结构合理。但煤矿工人受教育程度普遍较低,尤其是包工,文盲人数众多。矿工井下工作环境比较恶劣,火灾、透水、瓦斯、冒顶、塌方等矿难事故频繁发生,对工人的生命安全产生了极大的威胁。资本家们为了要煤,往往不顾工人的死活,无限制地延长劳动时间,增加劳动强度,实际上工人工作时间每班都不止12小时。由于煤矿工人的构成不同,享受的待遇也不尽相同。一般来说,里工的工资相对包工较好一些。矿工们在日常生活中乐观积极,与好兄弟拜把子,大口喝酒、大口吃肉,为压抑的劳动生活增添许多乐趣。而煤矿工人特殊的作业环境,使其无论在生产中还是在家庭生活中,都有很多忌讳,并存在普遍的祭祀窑神的现象,这从侧面也反映出了他们对安全生产的一种渴望。民国时期,日本帝国主义、官僚资本主义以及封建把头相互勾结,对淮南煤矿工人进行层层剥削与压迫,使工人们长期挣扎在死亡线上,衣不蔽体,食不果腹。尤其是日本侵略者占领淮南煤矿后,为最大限度地掠夺淮南煤炭资源,进行罪恶的"以人换煤"式开采,强迫工人长时间从事奴隶般的劳动。面对这种残酷的盘剥,淮南煤矿工人团结互助,一直为争取待遇和地位的改善,做各种各样的斗争,由起初自发的、无组织的斗争发展到在共产党领导下的有组织、有目标的斗争。随着国内形势的发展,他们的政治觉悟不断提高,斗争目标不断地向国内革命目标靠拢,成为了全国工人斗争队伍和抗战的重要力量,从而产生了深远的社会影响。
[Abstract]:The Huainan Coal Mine Bureau, which was established in March 1930, was the only coal mine in China directly operated by the Nanjing National Government at that time. In July 1937, Huainan Coal Mine Road Co., Ltd. was formally established. The China Construction Bank Company, run by the Song Ziwen consortium, seized the opportunity to acquire a large number of shares and gained control of the company. In June 1938, the Japanese army invaded the Huainan mining area. The Japanese army merged the Datong Coal Mine operated by Huainan Coal Mine and Datong Coal Mine Co., Ltd. into Huainan Coal Mine Co., Ltd. (Huainan Coal Mine Co., Ltd., Huainan Coal Mine Road Co., Ltd.). In August 1945, Victory in the War of Resistance against Japan. On September of the same year, the Song Ziwen consortium sent personnel to accept the Huainan Coal Mine and the Huainan Railway, as well as the Datong Coal Mine. On 1947, Huashang Datong Coal Mine Co., Ltd. was formally incorporated into Huainan Mining Road Co., Ltd. In 1949, Huainan Mining area was liberated, Huainan Mining Road Company was formally dissolved, and Huainan Coal Mine Bureau was established. It was later renamed Huainan Mining Bureau (the development of Huainan Coal Mine in the period of the Republic of China), although it has undergone several stages, such as "official office", "official governor business office", "Japanese puppet occupation", "commercial office", and so on. But the overall scale of coal mining has been expanding, and it has also contributed to the rapid growth of the miner community. The total number of registered workers in Huainan coal mine is 17,000 to 18,000. Most of the coal miners come from bankrupt farmers and craftsmen in Huainan area. Shandong, Henan and northern Jiangsu are also the main areas of recruitment. Most of the miners are between the ages of 20 and 40. They are young and mature, with a strong physical strength and a reasonable age structure. But the coal miners generally have a low level of education, especially the contract workers. There are a large number of illiterate people. The underground working environment of miners is relatively bad. Accidents such as fire, water permeability, gas, roof fall and collapse occur frequently, which poses a great threat to the life and safety of workers. In fact, workers work more than 12 hours in each shift. Because the composition of coal miners is different, the treatment they enjoy is not the same. The wages of the local workers are better than those of the contract workers. The miners are optimistic and active in their daily life, worshipping their good brothers, drinking and eating meat, adding a lot of pleasure to the repressed labor life. And the coal miners have a special working environment. So that they have many taboos both in production and in family life, and there is a widespread phenomenon of sacrificing kiln gods, which also reflects their desire for safe production. During the period of the Republic of China, Japanese imperialism, Bureaucrat-capitalism and feudalism colluded with each other to exploit and oppress the coal miners in Huainan on various levels, so that the workers had been struggling for a long time on the death line, without clothing and food, especially after the Japanese invaders occupied the Huainan coal mine. In order to plunder Huainan coal resources to the maximum extent, carry out criminal "man for coal" type mining, force workers to engage in slave labor for a long time. In the face of this cruel exploitation, Huainan coal miners unite and help each other. Has been waging various struggles for the improvement of treatment and status, from a spontaneous and unorganized struggle at first to an organized and targeted struggle under the leadership of the Communist Party. With the development of the domestic situation, Their political consciousness was constantly raised, and their struggle objectives were drawn closer to the domestic revolutionary targets, which became an important force in the national workers' struggle and the War of Resistance against Japan, and thus had a profound social impact.
【学位授予单位】：安徽大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：F429;K262.9

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