明清时期白银货币泛化研究（16-19世纪中叶）

发布时间：2018-01-06 15:44

本文关键词：明清时期白银货币泛化研究（16-19世纪中叶）　出处：《辽宁大学》2013年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：16—19世纪中叶，中国正经历向近代化社会转型的缓慢历程。货币流通领域发生了重要的变迁即白银货币的泛化。白银打破政府的禁银令，从较小的范围使用扩大到更多的交易领域，并逐步取代了明政府发行的宝钞和铜钱成为流通中的主要货币。白银货币泛化带来的货币变迁与朝廷的利益相抵触，降低了政府对财政金融的独享，使政府失去了货币主权。但白银货币的泛化却促进了明代中期以后国内、国际贸易的繁荣。清承明制，白银货币泛化趋势得以延续。白银货币体系包含了宝钞向银两、银两向银元变迁的新内涵。19世纪中叶，亚洲政治经济格局和国际关系发生了变化，中国逐步沦为半殖民地，白银作为流通中最重要的货币已经完成了作为货币的泛化进程。本文以白银货币体系变迁为切入点，从白银问题的重要性和复杂性出发，探讨明清时期金属货币白银逐步泛化的原因、进程以及对当时社会历史环境、货币制度产生的影响。本文吸收并借鉴了前人时贤在白银这一问题上的不同观点和研究成果，并在此基础上阐明了对白银货币泛化这一问题的理解。本文共有6章：第1章主要交代在近代前期所存在的多种社会经济制度及其发展演变中，逐步被学术届重视的白银货币问题的缘起和发展脉络，指出白银货币、白银货币泛化等概念的界定，并对本文所采用的相关理论、研究方法给予简单的介绍。第2章从白银和白银货币两个角度，梳理近现代以来国内外学者的相关研究情况。第3章介绍白银货币自明代开始的泛化进程，文章将白银货币泛化分为形成期、发展期和成熟期三个阶段，从白银货币化和白银泛化两条脉络入手分析白银货币泛化的过程，具体围绕白银与宝钞、铜钱的竞争，银两向银元转变，一条鞭法向摊丁入亩制度的发展等问题展开论述。第4章介绍了白银货币泛化的路径，白银货币首先是一种货币，既然是货币自然就会流通。文章从白银内流、白银外流两个角度介绍了白银货币流通的内外路径；从田赋、漕粮、关税、捐输、报效、盐课等自下而上和官俸、兵饷、发帑等自上而下的角度介绍了白银货币流通的纵向路径；从盐引、茶引、商帮、集市、土地、伪银、贿银、私票的流转等入手追踪白银货币流通的横向路径。第5章从人口增长、米价变化、金银比价、经济货币化等几个角度，测量白银货币泛化的程度，，从几个侧面介绍白银货币在从纸币向商品货币、称量货币向金属铸币以及金属铸币向信用货币变迁过程中的成功与失败。第6章介绍了白银货币泛化的影响。主要从白银货币泛化对货币伦理观念的影响、白银货币泛化对赋税制度的影响、白银货币泛化对基层组织制度的影响、白银货币泛化对区域经济发展的影响等角度全面客观地说明白银货币泛化对明清社会经济的影响。
[Abstract]:16 to mid nineteenth Century, the slow process China going through to the modern social transformation. The monetary area has undergone important changes is the generalization of silver money. To break the government ban to silver silver, from the small scope to expand to more trading areas, and gradually replaced the Ming government issued notes and coins became the main the currency in circulation. The currency changes and bring the generalization of the silver currency interests, reduce the government of exclusive finance, the government lost its monetary sovereignty. But the generalization of silver money was promoted to China after the mid Ming Dynasty, the prosperity of international trade.
The Qing Dynasty inherited the system of the Ming Dynasty, silver currency generalization trend continuation. The silver currency system contains a new connotation to Po silver, silver silver to change.19 century, changed the Asian political and economic situation and international relations, Chinese gradually become a semi colonial, silver as the most important currency in the flow pass has been completed as the currency of the generalization process.
In this paper, the change of silver currency system as the starting point, starting from the importance and complexity of Baiyin problems, explore the reasons for the Ming and Qing Dynasties silver metal currency gradually generalization, and the process of the social and historical environment, the impact of monetary system. This paper absorbs and draws people on this issue before the silver on the different viewpoints and research achievements on this basis, and expounds on the generalization silver currency understand this issue. This paper consists of 6 chapters:
A variety of social economic system and the development of the first chapter mainly introduces the existing in the early modern evolution, the origin and development of silver currency issues gradually academic attention, pointed out that the definition of silver currency, silver currency such as the concept of generalization, related theories and the research methods used in this paper, gives a brief introduction.
The second chapter, from the two angles of silver and silver money, combs the related research of scholars at home and abroad since modern times.
The third chapter introduces the silver currency since the beginning of the Ming Dynasty the generalization process, this paper will be divided into the generalization of silver currency formation period, development period and maturity period of three stages, starting with the analysis of silver currency generalization from the monetization of silver and silver generalization of two lines, the silver and copper coins around Bao Chao, competition, transformation of silver to silver. A whip to tan Ding Ru Mu system development and other issues to discuss.
The fourth chapter introduces the path of the generalization of the silver silver currency, money first is a currency and currency circulation. Since it is naturally from the silver, silver outflow is introduced from two angles and path of silver circulation; from the land, grain, tariffs, to serve, salt courses such as bottom-up and salary. Bing, made money such a top-down perspective introduces the vertical path of the silver circulation; from the salt, tea, merchants, bazaar, land, pseudo silver, silver bribes, lateral path ticket of private transfer tracking silver currency in circulation.
The fifth chapter from the population growth rate, the price change, gold and silver, several aspects of economic monetization, measuring the extent of generalization of silver currency, the silver currency in the currency from the notes to goods from several sides, success and failure process of weighing currency to metal coins and metal coins to credit money changes.
The sixth chapter introduces the influence of silver currency generalization. Mainly from the silver currency generalization effect on monetary ethics, influence the generalization of the tax system of silver, silver currency of grass-roots organizations influence the generalization system, silver currency generalization effects on regional economic development and objectively shows the influence of silver currency on social economy in Ming and Qing Dynasties generalization.

【学位授予单位】：辽宁大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：K248;F822.9

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