中国普惠金融发展研究

发布时间：2018-06-12 06:42

本文选题：普惠金融 + 二元金融结构　；参考：《中共中央党校》2013年博士论文

【摘要】：国际金融危机的爆发，使人们更加清楚地认识到国际金融体系的失衡，不可持续。联系到国内的情况，银行主要围绕着大型企业提供服务，中小企业贷款难问题长期无法解决，金融资源向城市、东部经济发达地区集中，机构和资金都从农村地区、西部地区撤离，转向城市、东部地区，农村地区、西部地区成为金融服务的荒漠，，穷人等弱势群体被排斥于金融体系之外。和国际的情况一样，国内同样存在着严重的金融失衡，传统金融体系由于其内在缺陷，在为中小企业、农村地区、西部经济欠发达地区、穷人等提供金融服务方面存在着缺失，呈现出金融二元结构。这种二元结构广泛存在于现有金融体系中，越是需要金融支持的地方，反而得到金融服务越困难。几种现象同时并存：一方面银行流动性较为充裕，努力寻找资金出路；一方面发达国家、发达地区、中心城市、大型企业、富人的金融资源过于集中，甚至出现超饱和，游资充斥;而另一方面发展中国家、经济落后地区、农村、中小企业、穷人的饱受金融歧视，金融需求旺盛，金融供给不足。银行等金融机构由于对这些市场重视不够，造成市场空间狭窄，增长乏力，不可持续。通过对传统金融和发展困境的反思，本文认为，金融的发展要普惠所有的人群，让所有对金融有需求的人都可以平等地享受金融服务，改变金融二元结构，发展普惠金融。普惠金融是个新概念，是联合国于2005年“小额信贷年”活动中第一次正式提出的，是从小额信贷延伸出来的概念。从金融与经济的关系看，经济落后导致金融发展滞后，而资金不足通常是制约落后地区经济发展的最重要因素，金融发展滞后反过来又恶化了落后地区、穷人的经济境况，相互加强，形成恶性循环。要破解这一困境，需要先从发展这些地方的贷款等金融服务入手，小额信贷由此产生。普惠金融是对小额信贷的发展和超越，它从金融体系的整体来看待如何提供金融服务，即以多元化的金融供给让所有对金融有需求的人都可以平等地享受金融服务，体现了“金融权是人权”的思想。由于普惠金融是一个新提出的概念，尚没有一个公认的权威定义。论文的第一部分基于以上认识，结合金融二元结构的金融歧视问题，尝试着提出了普惠金融的概念，分析了其特点，并把发展中国家的金融与发达国家的金融、经济欠发达地区的金融与经济发达地区的金融、农村金融与城市金融、中小企业金融服务与大型企业金融服务、穷人的金融服务与富人的金融服务等五对关系作为普惠金融的分析维度，还从文献的角度综述了相关理论和研究成果。论文的第二部分梳理了格莱珉、印尼人民银行、玻利维亚阳光银行、柬埔寨ACLEDA银行、易县扶贫经济合作社、寿光农村商业银行、定西小额信贷项目等国内外普惠金融发展的实践案例，简单回顾了其发展历程，总结了其运作模式和特点，从正反两方面的经验，探讨中国普惠金融发展的途径。第三部分着重从五个分析维度出发，分析了传统金融的缺失，及其带来的影响，把普惠金融与金融二元结构联系起来，并从传统金融的不可持续性得出发展普惠金融的必要性。第四部分认为，普惠金融的形成路径包括传统金融转型和民间金融创新两条，逐一分析了商业银行、政策性银行、合作性金融机构等的转型，和小额贷款公司、村镇银行、社区银行等新型金融机构的发展。第五部分从金融需求和供给两个方面分析普惠金融，考察了普惠金融供给和需求的主体、特征，由此构建了数理模型，进而提出普惠金融的等期望曲线和期望收益无差异曲线，得到含信贷配给的普惠金融均衡模型。针对以上的分析，论文最后一部分提出了中国普惠金融发展的政策建议，从制度、市场、主体、工具等四个层面展开。制度建设主要包括加快信用体系建设、健全普惠金融监管体制、加大普惠金融法律支持力度；市场建设主要包括加强普惠金融基础设施建设、推进利率市场化、完善信用担保机制；主体建设主要包括加快传统金融机构转型、发展新型普惠金融机构、完善普惠金融直接融资体系；工具建设主要包括创新信贷产品、发展普惠金融保险、提供多样化综合性服务等。论文的创新点主要有三点：一是从中小企业融资难、农村金融服务缺失、经济欠发达地区金融发展滞后、国际金融秩序不合理、穷人受到金融排斥等问题出发，找到共性问题，即传统金融的非普惠性，金融二元结构广泛存在于金融体系中；二是结合对传统金融缺失的反思，提出了普惠金融的概念，研究了其五个特点、五个分析维度、两条形成路径；三是在总结国内外普惠金融的研究和实践成果的基础上，从供求分析的角度构建了普惠金融模型，并有针对性地提出中国普惠金融发展的政策建议。
[Abstract]:The international financial crisis broke out and made people more aware of the imbalance and unsustainable development of the international financial system . In the domestic situation , the banks mainly focused on the large - scale enterprises . The financial resources had been evacuated from the rural areas and the western regions . The more difficult the traditional financial system was to provide financial services to the small and medium - sized enterprises , the rural areas , the underdeveloped regions of the West , the poor and the like .
On the one hand , developed countries , developed regions , central cities , large enterprises , rich financial resources are too concentrated , even hyper - saturated and fund - ridden ; on the other hand , financial institutions such as developing countries , economically disadvantaged regions , rural , small and medium - sized enterprises , poor people are suffering from financial discrimination , financial demand is flourishing and financial supply is insufficient .

Inclusive finance is a new concept , the first official development of the United Nations in the Year of Microcredit in 2005 . From the relationship between finance and economy , the economic backwardness leads to the lag of financial development , and the lack of capital is usually the most important factor to restrict the economic development in the backward region .

The first part of this paper is based on the above understanding and the financial discrimination of the financial binary structure , attempts to put forward the concept of inclusive finance , analyzes its characteristics , and puts forward the five - way relation between the financial and economic developed areas in the financial and economically developed areas of the developing countries , the financial services of the rural financial and urban finance , the financial services of the poor and the financial services of the rich , as the analysis dimension of the Pratt & Whitney finance , and also summarizes the relevant theories and research results from the literature .

The second part of this paper reviews the practical cases of inclusive financial development at home and abroad , such as Gramin , Indonesia People ' s Bank , Bolivia Sunshine Bank , ACLEDA Bank , Yixian Poverty Alleviation Economic Co . , Ltd . , Shouguang Rural Commercial Bank and Dingxi Micro - credit Project . It briefly reviews the development course , summarizes its operation mode and characteristics , and discusses the way of China ' s inclusive financial development from the experience of the two sides .

The third part focuses on the analysis of the loss of traditional finance and its impact on the five analytical dimensions , linking inclusive finance with financial binary structure , and developing the necessity of developing inclusive finance from the unsustainability of traditional finance .

In the fourth part , the formation of Pratt Whitney finance includes the transformation of traditional financial transformation and private financial innovation , and analyzes the development of the new financial institutions such as commercial banks , policy banks , cooperative financial institutions , etc . , as well as the development of new financial institutions such as small loan companies , village banks and community banks .

The fifth part analyzes inclusive finance from two aspects of financial demand and supply , investigates the main body and characteristics of Pratt Whitney ' s financial supply and demand , then constructs mathematical model , and then puts forward the expectation curve of inclusive finance and the non - difference curve of expected return , so as to obtain the inclusive financial equilibrium model with credit rationing .

According to the above analysis , the last part of the thesis put forward the policy suggestion of the development of China ' s Pratt & Whitney finance , from four aspects : system , market , subject , tool , etc . The system construction mainly includes speeding up the construction of credit system , perfecting the universal financial supervision system , and strengthening the legal support of inclusive finance ;
The market construction mainly includes strengthening the construction of inclusive financial infrastructure , promoting the marketization of interest rate and improving the credit guarantee mechanism ;
Subject construction mainly includes accelerating the transformation of traditional financial institutions , developing new inclusive financial institutions and improving the direct financing system of Pratt & Whitney finance ;
Tools construction mainly includes innovative credit products , development of inclusive financial insurance , diversification of comprehensive services , etc .

There are three main points in this paper : one is the financing difficulty of small and medium - sized enterprises , the lack of rural financial services , the lag of financial development in the developed regions of the economy , the unreasonable international financial order , the financial exclusion of the poor , and the common problems , that is , the non - inclusive nature of the traditional finance and the wide existence of the financial binary structure in the financial system ;
Second , based on the reflection of traditional financial loss , the concept of inclusive finance is put forward , five characteristics , five analytical dimensions and two forming paths are studied .
Third , on the basis of summarizing the research and practice results of inclusive finance at home and abroad , this paper constructs the Pratt & Whitney finance model from the angle of supply and demand analysis , and puts forward the policy suggestion for the development of China ' s Pratt & Whitney finance .
【学位授予单位】：中共中央党校
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：F832.0

【引证文献】