关于尼泊尔小额信贷机构可持续性发展的研究

发布时间：2018-08-25 08:26

【摘要】：大多数发展中国家都面临这样的问题：庞大的低收入人群、落后的金融业、单一的资金来源,以及少量的金融机构,小额信贷创新是解决上述问题的最好办法之一。随着小额信贷机构数量的持续增加,包括小额信贷从业者、政府部门、研究机构和慈善机构在内的社会各界也把目光更多地投向小额信贷的可持续发展这一领域。同时,小额信贷危机、高利贷现象、强制贷款回收、目标偏差、商业化等问题也引起了人们对小额信贷机构的不少质疑。因此,对那些旨在扶贫的小额信贷机构的可持续发展进行深入研究是十分必要的。尼泊尔是一个发展中国家,有82%的人口生活在农村地区,25%的人生活在贫困线以下,只有20%的人向正规银行和金融机构贷款。在此背景下,小额信贷成为向农村地区贫困家庭提供金融服务,以改善其经济状况的一种重要方式。蓬勃发展的小额信贷机构和数量众多的贫困人口,使得尼泊尔成为一个理想的研究对象。尼泊尔的传统小额信贷的历史极为悠久,而现代小额信贷起步较晚,1975年,尼泊尔农业发展银行推行了小农户发展计划,该计划在一定程度上具有现代小额信贷的特征。尼泊尔的第一家现代小额信贷机构成立于1992年,由政府创办,下设五个区域开发银行,采用孟加拉国的“乡村银行小额信贷模式”。20世纪90年代中期,非政府组织和私人也开始成立小额信贷机构。二十多年来,尼泊尔的小额信贷行业发展迅速,并在农村金融领域发挥了显著作用。本文从金融可持续发展的角度对尼泊尔的小额信贷机构加以研究,分析了不同类型的小额信贷机构的经营状况,包括政府创办的小额信贷发展银行,私人创办的小额信贷发展银行,非政府组织的金融中介,储蓄和信贷合作社。本文根据所有制结构,经营期限和规模等指标,从这四种类型中选取了20家小额信贷机构,采纳2005年至2011年的数据进行了分析。分析结果表明,由于具备充足的资产和大量的会员,私人创办的小额信贷发展银行和非政府组织的金融中介的整体财务表现较为理想；有着较少资产和成员的储蓄和信贷合作社的表现差强人意；而同样有着充足资产和大量会员的政府创办的小额信贷发展银行却表现得不尽理想。尽管对储蓄和信贷合作社来说,向公众吸收存款并无多大用处,但是尼泊尔的小额信贷机构却都可以开展此项业务,事实上,很多小额信贷机构对公众存款有着高度的依赖性。值得注意的是,小额信贷机构的存款人数及借款人数相差甚远,只有有限的人积极参与借贷活动。除了储蓄和信贷合作社以外,其他小额信贷机构都以女性为目标人群。无论是政府创办的还是私人创办的信贷机构,都在经营区域和业务范围上扩大着自己的影响力。私人创办的小额信贷发展银行和非政府组织的金融中介有着较高的资本收益率和每股收益,它们的收入水平也高于其他两者。政府创办的小额信贷发展银行的资本收益率和净资产收益率均为负数,因此,亟需相应的体制改革,政府作为政府创办的小额信贷发展银行的创办者,应当实行私有化改革,向私人投资者出售股份。希望私有化与结构整合可以为其注入新的活力,帮助其夺回市场份额。最近,尼泊尔国家银行(尼泊尔央行)开始鼓励银行和金融机构进行机构整合,毫无疑问,这一举措将给小额信贷行业带来深远影响。解决农村融资缺口和消除贫困是所有发展中国家所面临的挑战。中国政府把农村发展的重点放在了“三农问题”上,为了减少农村地区融资缺口、增加金融普惠性,政府把建立新型金融机构和小额贷款公司作为一项重要工作常抓不懈。中国的基本国情与其他发展中国家有着很大不同,在社会主义市场经济中发展小额信贷是一件前无古人的尝试。在中国,提供小额信贷服务的除扶贫项目和商业银行外,还有五类大型金融机构,即：民间小额信贷机构、小额贷款公司、村镇银行、农村资金互助社和农村信用合作社。由于民间小额信贷机构缺乏相应的法律地位,而私人投资和外资不允许进入小额信贷行业。从理论上讲,发展中国家的利率管制阻碍并限制了金融业的发展。中国限定小额信贷的利率上限为基准利率的四倍。平心而论,小额信贷的初衷是提升低收入和中等收入人群的社会经济地位,故其利率不应比商业性信贷机构的利率高出太多。因此,中国对小额信贷机构设定贷款利率上限是合理的,但不应该对存款利率加以管制。 “三农问题”的提出和解决,为像尼泊尔一样的发展中国家处理农村发展问题提供了宝贵经验。中国建立了新型农村金融机构并为农民提供更多的金融服务,推动农村信用社和小额信贷健康发展,加强小额信贷机构与企业间的联系,实行利率上限制度以防止高利贷的产生等,这些都值得学习和借鉴。另外,联保贷款,按揭贷款创新(林地使用权和牲畜也可做抵押品)以及第三方参与(公司和企业)贷款等方式,也可供其他国家参考。尼泊尔的小额信贷机构应该更加注重产品设计和创新,加强与农村金融机构的合作,引进新技术(电汇,手机银行),减少对政府的依赖,建立对员工的奖励制度以实现可持续发展。更为重要的是,小额信贷机构应该及时改正其目标偏差,实现统筹兼顾,既要保证其盈利,又要实现其建立的初衷(向低收入家庭提供金融服务)。理论研究从实践中来,还要回到实践中去。对于极度贫困的家庭而言,“贫困家庭+扶贫计划／发展项目+团体贷款”的方式较为适用。因为这些家庭需要政府或慈善机构的特殊补贴,以满足其消费和投资需要,集团贷款的方式可能会最大限度地降低信贷风险。对于中低收入水平的家庭来说,可以采用“中低收入家庭+第三方参与+团体／个人贷款”的方式,小额信贷即储蓄和信贷合作社、非政府组织的金融中介和小额信贷发展银行是较为理想的选择。其中,储蓄和信贷合作社尤其适用于偏远且人口分散的地区,因为这种地区难以召开经常性的会议(即采用“乡村银行团体贷款模式”)。对于中等收入水平的家庭和微型企业而言,“家庭／企业家+公司+银行+个人贷款”的方式比较可行。小额信贷发展银行和商业银行更适合于参与此类业务。本文由七章组成,第一章阐述了所研究的问题,课题意义和目标,论文研究办法和创新之处。第二章是理论综述,主要介绍发展中国家的金融发展理论,尤其是金融深化论和金融抑制论。同时详细描述世界农村金融和小额信贷部门的新问题,主要借鉴了不同的学者的多种观点。第三章描述了尼泊尔经济发展中的主要问题。同时追溯金融体系的历史,回顾尼泊尔扶贫政策和当前情况。第四章主要讲述尼泊尔的小额信贷的发展历史,以及小额信贷机构的现状。第五章分析了尼泊尔四个不同种类小额信贷机构的经营状况,从小额信贷机构选取20多个小额信贷的数据样本,分析金融结构,营业实绩,收益,费用支出,业绩效率与收益率和风险管理等七个方面。第六章分析中国小额信贷的发展和实践和小额信贷发展过程,小额信贷体系的主要特征。第七章阐述了尼泊尔小额信贷体系的法律和政治结构。作者精密地分析了尼泊尔目前的小额信贷法律和政治结构,并提出了一些政策建议,希望能解决尼泊尔小额信贷存在的一些根本问题,实现尼泊尔小额信贷的可持续发展。最后一章总结全文。通过分析尼泊尔的小额信贷体系和借鉴中国小额信贷体系的发展与实践,作者为尼泊尔小额信贷未来发展提出了建议。
[Abstract]:Most developing countries face such problems as large low-income groups, backward financial industries, a single source of funding, and a small number of financial institutions. Microfinance innovation is one of the best ways to solve these problems. At the same time, the micro-credit crisis, usury, compulsory loan recovery, deviation of objectives, commercialization and other issues have aroused many doubts about the micro-credit institutions. Therefore, the micro-credit letters aimed at poverty alleviation have been put into the field of sustainable development. It is very necessary to conduct in-depth research on the sustainable development of credit institutions.
Nepal is a developing country with 82% of the population living in rural areas, 25% living below the poverty line and only 20% lending to formal banks and financial institutions. Microfinance institutions and a large number of poor people make Nepal an ideal research object.
Nepal's traditional microfinance has a long history, but modern microfinance started late. In 1975, the Agricultural Development Bank of Nepal launched the Small Farmer Development Program, which, to a certain extent, has the characteristics of modern microfinance. Nepal's first modern microfinance institution was established in 1992 and was set up by the government. Five regional development banks adopt Bangladesh's Rural Bank microfinance model. In the mid-1990s, non-governmental organizations and private sector began to set up microfinance institutions.
Over the past two decades, the micro-credit industry in Nepal has developed rapidly and played a significant role in rural finance. This paper studies the micro-credit institutions in Nepal from the perspective of financial sustainable development, and analyzes the operating conditions of different types of micro-credit institutions, including the government-established micro-credit Development Bank and the private sector. According to the index of ownership structure, term and scale of operation, this paper selects 20 micro-credit institutions from these four types and analyzes the data from 2005 to 2011.
The results show that the overall financial performance of private-owned microfinance development banks and financial intermediaries of non-governmental organizations is relatively satisfactory owing to their adequate assets and large memberships; the performance of savings and credit cooperatives with fewer assets and members is unsatisfactory; and the government with adequate assets and large memberships is equally satisfactory. The government-run microfinance development bank is not doing very well. Although it is not very useful for savings and credit cooperatives to absorb deposits from the public, it can be done by Nepalese microfinance institutions. In fact, many microfinance institutions are highly dependent on public deposits.
It is noteworthy that the number of depositors and borrowers in microfinance institutions varies considerably, with only a limited number of people actively participating in lending activities. The scope extends its influence.
Privately-run microfinance development banks and financial intermediaries of non-governmental organizations have higher returns on capital and earnings per share, and their income levels are higher than the others. It is hoped that privatization and structural integration will inject new vitality into the bank and help it regain market share. Recently, the National Bank of Nepal (Nepal Central Bank) has begun to encourage institutional integration between banks and financial institutions. There is no doubt that this initiative will have a far-reaching impact on the microfinance industry.
Solving the financing gap in rural areas and eliminating poverty are the challenges facing all developing countries. The Chinese government has focused on the "three rural issues" in rural development. In order to reduce the financing gap in rural areas and increase financial inclusiveness, the government has made the establishment of new financial institutions and micro-credit companies an important task. China's basic national conditions are quite different from those of other developing countries. It is an unprecedented attempt to develop micro-credit in the socialist market economy. In addition to poverty alleviation projects and commercial banks, there are five types of large-scale financial institutions providing micro-credit services, namely, private micro-credit institutions, micro-credit companies and villages. Town banks, rural mutual funds cooperatives and rural credit cooperatives. Private investment and foreign capital are not allowed to enter the microfinance industry due to the lack of corresponding legal status of private microfinance institutions. In theory, interest rate control in developing countries hinders and limits the development of the financial industry. China limits the upper limit of interest rates on microfinance to The benchmark interest rate is four times the benchmark rate. To be fair, the original purpose of microfinance is to raise the socio-economic status of low-income and middle-income people, so its interest rate should not be much higher than that of commercial credit institutions.
The proposal and solution of the "three rural issues" have provided valuable experience for developing countries like Nepal in dealing with rural development issues. China has established new rural financial institutions and provided more financial services for farmers, promoted the healthy development of rural credit cooperatives and microfinance, and strengthened the links between microfinance institutions and enterprises. In addition, co-insured loans, innovative mortgage loans (forest land use rights and livestock can also be used as collateral) and third-party participation (companies and enterprises) can also be used for reference by other countries.
Nepal's microfinance institutions should pay more attention to product design and innovation, strengthen cooperation with rural financial institutions, introduce new technologies (telegraphic transfer, mobile banking), reduce dependence on the government, and establish incentive systems for employees to achieve sustainable development. It is necessary to ensure its profitability and realize its original purpose (providing financial services to low-income families).
Theoretical research comes from practice and goes back to practice. For extremely poor families, the "poverty-stricken families + poverty-alleviation programs / development projects + group loans" approach is more appropriate. Because these families need special subsidies from the government or charities to meet their consumption and investment needs, group loans may be the largest. Limit credit risk.
For low-and middle-income families, the mode of "low-and-middle-income families + third-party participation + group/individual loans" can be adopted. Microfinance is savings and credit cooperatives, financial intermediaries of non-governmental organizations and microcredit development banks are ideal choices. Among them, savings and credit cooperatives are especially suitable for remote areas. Population-dispersed areas are also difficult to hold regular meetings (i.e., using the Rural Bank Group Loan Model).
For middle-income households and microenterprises, the "family/entrepreneur+company+bank+personal loan" approach is more feasible. Microfinance development banks and commercial banks are more suitable for such businesses.
This paper consists of seven chapters. Chapter one expounds the problems, significance and objectives of the research, research methods and innovations. Chapter two is a theoretical review. It mainly introduces the financial development theories of developing countries, especially the theory of financial deepening and the theory of financial repression. Chapter 3 describes the main problems in Nepal's economic development. It also reviews the history of the financial system, the Poverty Alleviation Policies and the current situation in Nepal. Chapter 4 focuses on the history of the development of microfinance in Nepal and the current situation of microfinance institutions. Four different types of microfinance institutions in Nepal are selected from more than 20 samples of microfinance data to analyze financial structure, performance, revenue, expense, performance efficiency, yield and risk management. Chapter 6 analyzes the development and practice of microfinance in China and microfinance Chapter 7 elaborates the legal and political structure of Nepal's microfinance system. The author analyzes the current legal and political structure of Nepal's microfinance, and puts forward some policy suggestions, hoping to solve some fundamental problems existing in Nepal's microfinance and realize Nepal's microfinance. The last chapter summarizes the full text. By analyzing the development and practice of Nepal's microfinance system and China's microfinance system, the author puts forward some suggestions for the future development of Nepal's microfinance.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：F833.55

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